Rapid Detection of Infectious Agents (Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis)

241 Pages·1998·2.52 MB·English

by  Steven Specter

Rapid Detection of
Infectious Agents
INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PATHOGENESIS
Series Editors: Mauro Bendinelli, University of Pisa
Herman Friedman, University of South Florida
College of Medicine
Recentvolumes in theseries:
DNATUMORVIRUSES
Oncogenic Mechanisms
Edited by Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano, Mauro Bendinelli, and
Herman Friedman
ENTERIC INFECTIONS AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Lois J. Paradise, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
FUNGALINFECTIONSANDIMMUNERESPONSES
Edited by Juneann W. Murphy, Herman Friedman, and
Mauro Bendinelli
HERPESVIRUSES AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Peter G. Medveczky, Herman Friedman, and
Mauro Bendinelli
MICROORGANISMSANDAUTOIMMUNEDISEASES
Edited by Herman Friedman, Noel R. Rose, and Mauro Bendinelli
NEUROPATHOGENIC VIRUSES AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AS AN OPPORTUNISTIC
PATHOGEN
Edited by Mario Campa, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
PULMONARY INFECTIONS AND IMMUNITY
Edited by Herman Chmel, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
RAPID DETECTION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
RICKETTSIALINFECTIONAND IMMUNITY
Edited by Burt Anderson, Herman Friedman, and Mauro Bendinelli
VIRUS-INDUCEDIMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Edited by Steven Specter, Mauro Bendinelli, and Herman Friedman
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only
upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
Rapid Detection of
Infectious Agents
Edited by
StevenSpecter
University of South Florida College ofMedicine
Tampa, Florida
Mauro Bendinelli
University of Pisa
Pisa, Italy
and
Herman Friedman
University of South Florida College ofMedicine
Tampa, Florida
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Contributors
BURT ANDERSON • College ofMedicine, Department ofMedical Micro-
biology and Immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
33612-4799
M. N. BOBROW • Dupont-NEN Life Science Products, Medical Products
Department,Boston,Massachusetts02118
CHARLOTTE A. GAYDOS • Division of Infectious Disease, TheJohns
HopkinsUniversitySchoolof Medicine,Baltimore, Maryland 21205
RICHARD V. GOERING • Department of Medical Microbiology and Im-
munology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
68178
SPENCER R. HEDGES • Department ofMicrobiology, University ofAla-
bama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170
RICHARDL.HODINKA • DepartmentsofPathologyandPediatrics,Clini-
cal Virology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital ofPhiladelphia, and Univer-
sity ofPennsylvania School ofMedicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
SUSAN B. HUNTER • Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division
ofBacterial andMycoticDiseases, National CenterforInfectiousDiseases,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
G.J.LITT • Dupont-NENLife ScienceProducts, MedicalProductsDepart-
ment,Boston,Massachusetts02118
JAMES J. McSHARRY • Department ofMicrobiology, Immunology, and
Molecular Genetics, AlbanyMedical College,Albany, NewYork 12208
JIRI MESTECKY • Department ofMicrobiology, University ofAlabama at
Birmingham,Birmingham,Alabama35294-2170
V
vi CONTRIBUTORS
SUSANNE MODROW • Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene,
University ofRegensburg D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
GERARDJ. NUOVO • MGNMedicalResearchLaboratory,Setauket,New
York11733
PAUL D. OLIVO • Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington
UniversitySchoolofMedicine, St. Louis, Missouri63110
DAVID PERSING • Division ofClinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic Foun-
dation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
THOMAS C. QUINN • Divison ofInfectious Disease, TheJohns Hopkins
University School ofMedicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; and National
Institute ofAllergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes ofHealth,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2520
MICHAELW. RUSSELL • DepartmentofMicrobiology, UniversityofAla-
bamaatBirmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170
BALA SWAMINATHAN • Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Divi-
sionofBacterialandMycoticDiseases, NationalCenterfor InfectiousDis-
eases, CentersforDisease ControlandPrevention,Atlanta, Georgia 30333
DANNY L. WIEDBRAUK • Departments ofClinical Pathology and Pedi-
atrics, WilliamBeaumontHospital, RoyalOak, Michigan 48073
HANSWOLF • Institute forMedicalMicrobiologyandHygiene, University
ofRegensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
XIAOTIAN ZHENG • Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic
Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
Preface to the Series
Themechanismsofdiseaseproductionbyinfectiousagentsarepresentlythefocus
of an unprecedented flowering of studies. The field has undoubtedly received
impetus from the considerable advances recently made in the understanding of
the structure, biochemistry, and biology of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other
parasites. Another contributing factor is our improved knowledge of immune
responses andotheradaptive orconstitutive mechanisms bywhich hosts reactto
infection. Furthermore, recombinant DNAtechnology, monoclonal antibodies,
andother newer methodologies have provided the technical tools for examining
questionspreviouslyconsideredtoocomplextobesuccessfullytackled. Themost
importantincentive ofall is probablytheregeneratedideathatinfectionmightbe
theinitiatingeventin manyclinical entitiespresentlyclassified as idiopathicorof
uncertainorigin.
Infectiouspathogenesisresearchholdsgreatpromise.Asmoreinformationis
uncovered, itisbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatourpresentknowledgeofthe
pathogenic potential ofinfectious agents is often limited to the most noticeable
effects, which sometimes represent only the tip ofthe iceberg. For example, it is
nowwell appreciated that pathologic processes caused by infectious agents may
emerge clinically after an incubation of decades and may result from genetic,
immunologic, and other indirect routes more than from the infecting agent in
itself.Thus,thereisageneralexpectationthatcontinuedinvestigationwillleadto
the isolationofnewagents of infection, the identificationofhithertounsuspected
etiologic correlations, and, eventually, more effective approaches to prevention
andtherapy.
Studies onthemechanisms ofdisease causedbyinfectiousagentsdemanda
breadthofunderstandingacrossmanyspecializedareas,aswellasmuchcoopera-
tionbetweencliniciansandexperimentalists. The seriesInfectiousAgentsandPatho-
genesisisintendednotonlytodocumentthestateofthe artinthisfascinatingand
challengingfield but also to help lay bridges amongdiverse areas andpeople.
M.Bendinelli
H. Friedman
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Preface
1. INTRODUCTION
Theevolution ofdiagnosticmicrobiologybeganwith thedevelopment ofthe mi-
croscope and has progressed through a variety of tools that have allowed us
initiallytovisualizemicroorganismsandthentotakeadvantageofvariousproper-
ties ofthe bacteria, viruses, fungi, orparasites to aid in their diagnosis. Earliest
techniques reliedon describinggross ormicroscopic morphologyandprogressed
to observing growth on differential and selective media. Both ofthese methods
dependedonvisualizingtheorganismsandprovidedfairlyrapiddetection,usually
within24hours.Morepowerfultools,liketheelectronmicroscope,allowedvisual
identification of microbes including viruses within 8-24 hours. Additionally, the
development of cell culture techniques facilitated detecting viruses and other
obligateintracellularparasites,yetdetectionrequiredfrom 1 daytoafewweeksin
some cases. However, although effective forgross identification, these tools still
were often too crude to distinguish microorganisms with like morphologies.
Subsequently,immunologicandbiochemicaltoolsthatdifferentiatedspecies
andstrainsweredeveloped,anddiagnosticmicrobiologybecameahighlyspecific
science, sometimes providing diagnosis within one or two days. Furthermore,
automationallowedfordiagnosisinsomecasesinlessthan24hours. Serological
profiles that depend on detecting multiple antigens and/or antibodies or the
presence of IgM antibodies, as an indication of primary infection, also aided
detectionandidentificationwithinhoursofspecimen submission. Moresophisti-
cated immunologic tools also are being applied in the clinical lab, such as new
uses for flow cytometry, development ofsynthetic peptides as reagents for diag-
nostic testing, and measuring antibodies in mucosal secretions.
The development ofmolecular biology has expanded exponentially in the
past decade and has begun to be accorded rapidly increasing importance in the
diagnostic laboratory. This has tremendously improved our ability to recognize
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