Rancho Rosa De Castilla

22 Pages·2015·2.54 MB·English

by  John R. Chávez

SSoouutthheerrnn MMeetthhooddiisstt UUnniivveerrssiittyy
SSMMUU SScchhoollaarr
History Faculty Publications History
Winter 1998
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AAnnggeelleess
John R. Chávez
Southern Methodist University, [email protected]
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Chávez, John R., "Rancho Rosa De Castilla: Hispanic Continuity in Greater East Los Angeles" (1998).
History Faculty Publications. 1.
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RANCHO ROSA DE CASTILLA: Hispanic Continuity in Greater East Los Angeles
Author(s): John R. Chávez
Source: Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 80, No. 4 (Winter 1998), pp. 399-418
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern
California
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RANCHO ROSA DE CASTILLA:
in
HispanicC ontinuity
GreaterE ast Los
Angeles
byJ ohnR . Chavez
nineteenth-centhuirstyo royf H ispanicsin greateEra stL os Ange-
lesh asr emaineudn cleard espitaen increasinngu mbeorf w orkos n the
generaalr ea.W hileh istoriessu, cha s RichardG riswoldd el Castillo's
LosA ngeleBs arrioR, icardoR omo'sE astL osA ngelesa,n d GeorgeS anchez's
BecominMg exicanA mericahna ve shed lighto n the centracl itya nd Boyle
Heightst,h eyh avec ommenteldi ttleo n the rurala reast o the northeast1
Whilef ewp eopler esidedin thec ountrysiddeu ringth en ineteentche ntury,
theira ctivitiesse tt hes tagef ort hea rea'su rbanizeMd exican-Americpaonp u-
lationo ft het wentietchen turyIn. deede, arlyr eale statet ransactioninsv olving
Hispanics,i ncludingw omen,a llowedf orc ulturalc ontinuitdye spitet he
Anglo-Americcaonn quesut ntilm assivMe exicanim migratironea sserteHdi s-
panicc ulturoe n theE astsideT. he majorl ocalp roperttyo changeh andsi n
thisw ayw asR anchoR osa de Castillae, xtendinagr ounda n adobet hato nce
existedat w hati s nowC aliforniSat ateU niversitLyo,s Angeles.
As oneo fo vert wentrya nchebs elongintgo MissionS an Gabrieiln 1830,
Rosa de Castilla'sli mitws erev ague,g ivent hem etesa nd boundss ystemof
measurinlga ndd uringt heM exicanp eriodH. owevera,n extants urveym ap
of missionla nds,d rawna round1 860, suggesttsh e sizeo f ther ancha t its
greatesetx tentt hirtyy earse arlierE. mbracintgh rees quarel eagues( 12 ,879
acres),R osa de Castillah ad thef ollowinbgo undariesc,o rrespondinsgom e-
Richard Griswold del Castillo, The Los AngelesB arrio,1 850-1890: A Social History(B erkeleya nd Los Angeles:
Universityo f California Press, 1979), pp. 147-148; Ricardo Romo, East Los Angeles: Historyo f a Barrio
(Austin: Universityo f Texas Press, 1983), pp. 18-30, 74-75; and George Sanchez, BecomingM exicanA meri-
can: EthnicityC, ulture,a nd Identityin Chicano Los Angeles,1 900-1945 (New York: Oxford UniversityP ress,
1993),p p. 69-74.
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400 SOUTHERNC ALIFORNIAQ UARTERL Y
whatt o them oderng eographnyo ted.C ounterclockwiosne, t hen ortht he
ranchor eachedt heS an Pascuall andg rantin lowerS outhP asadenaa nd the
San Rafaelg ranta longt heA rroyoSe co. On thew esta longI ndianaS treet,
Rosa de Castillaa buttedo n theP ueblod e Los Angelesg rantO. n thes outh
ther anchob orderetdh eS anA ntoniog rantu, nderlyinlogw erM onterePya rk
and unincorporatEedas tL os Angelesb elow3 rdS treetO n thee astt her an-
cho extendedin definitetloyw ardt hem issionc ore,b utp robablyn o farther
thanp resenGt arfielAd venuein Alhambraan d MonterePya rkA. pparently,
duringt hem issione raR anchoR osa de Castillas preadb eyondg reateEra st
LA. intot heS an GabrieVl alley.2
Neverthelestsh, er anchoh ad itso riginasn d majord evelopmenint the
MontereHy illso ft heE astsideA. ccordintgo somec ommentatotrhs,e S pan-
ish namedt he area aftert he rosest hatg reww ildo n the hills,r osest hat
recalledth ei mageos fC astileR. osad eC astillwa ass pecificalalpyp liedt oa short
arroytoh ato ncee xistedw heret heL ongB eachF reewaayn d a floodc ontrol
channelr un todayT. he Spanisha lso appliedt he name Porte[s ic]R osad e
Castillat o theo peningth rougwh hichM onterePya ssR oadt raversetsh eh ills
todayA. pparentltyh,e r anchi tselfh ad itsb eginningins thes pringo f 1776
whenF ranciscanfsr omM issionS an Gabrielh ad theirI ndianc hargecs on-
strucatn adobea t thep resenitn tersectioonfH ellmanA venuea nd theL ong
BeachF reewayth, el ocationo fa parkinlgo ta tC aliforniSat ateU niversitLyo,s
AngelesM. osto bserverasg reet hatt hiss amea dobe,d espites everarl econ-
structionasn d additionsr,e mainetdh er anchh ouseu ntili tsf inald emisei n
thet wentietche nturyU.3n tils eparatiofnr omM issionS an Gabrielt, heh ill
countryof R anchoR osa de Castillas ervedp rimarilays pasturef ort hem is-
sion'sl ivestock.
The Ballesterotsh, ef amileyv entuallgyr antedth er anchd, erivedf roma
couplet hata rrivesde parateblyu tm eti n Californiian thee ighteentchen tury.
Juand e Dios Ballesteroosf M exicoC itym arrieMd ariaT heresa[s icS] epulveda
ofV illa de Sinaloai n 17 87 at MissionS an JuanC apistranoA. s an eight-
year-oldch ildM, ariaT heresah adb eena mongt hee arlyse ttlerosf L osA nge-
2RoyE . Whitehead, Lugo:A Chronicleo fE arlyC alifornia( Redlands, Calif.: San BernardinoC ounty Museum Asso-
ciation, 1978), p. 162; Survey maps of San Gabriel Mission, map 149, с 1860, Solano-Reeve Collection,
Henry E. Huntington Library,S an Marino, Calif.; cf. U.S. Geological Survey map, Los Angeles, California,
1966-(72 PR), 7.5 Minute Series (Topographic).
3MargaretD ean and Anna Edwards,T he Storyo f MontereyP ark,e d. Carolyn Sebastian (n.p., n.d.), pp. 9-10; Roy
D. Allison, Historyo f MontereyP arkT old," in A Salute to the Pioneerso f MontereyP ark:( Articles from the
MontereyP arkP rogress)e,d . Roy D. Allison (n.p., n.d.), n. pag.; Survey map 1 53, 1871 , Solano-Reeve Collec-
tion; Bob Lerner," Mission Adobe on Campus,"in The Historyo f the City of MontereyP ark,e d. H. Russell
Paine (Monterey Park: MontereyP ark BicentennialC ommittee and MontereyP arkP rogress1, 976), p. 4; and
Steve Tice, MLA. Scene: The City Then and Now," Los Angeles Times,N ovember 1, 1993, sec.B, p. 3.
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RANCHO ROSA DE CASTILLA 401

Map of Rancho Rosa de Castilla as parto f Mission San Gabriel, drawn с. 18 60.
CourtesyH enryΕ . HuntingtonLi brary.
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402 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAQ UARTERLY
les, foundedi n 1781. As a sergeantin the Spanish armyJ, uand e Dios met
Maria Theresa in Los Angeles,a pparentlyab andonedh is post to marryh er,
sufferedde motion,a nd spentt he nextt hirty-twyo earsa s a corporala t vari-
ous pointso n the Californiac oast Duringt hatt imet hec ouple had fourteen
childreno, fw hom at leasth alfd ied in earlyc hildhood( thel asts ixw ereb ap-
tizeda t San Gabriel).B etweenh is retiremenint 1819 and deathi n 1826,J uan
de Dios no doubtl ivedo ffa small ploto f pueblo land to whichh e was pen-
sioned in Los Angeles.4
The eldests on oft heB allesterosJ, uanA ntonio,b orn at Santa Barbarai n
1787, spentm osto f his adultl ifeb etweenS an Gabriela nd Los Angeles.A s
a membero ft wo oft he earliestf amiliesin Californiah, e rose to prominence
in the civica ffairosf Los Angeles.D uringt he turbulentM exican period,h e
serveds everalt ermsa s a regido(rc ouncilm ember)o f the ayuntamien(tcoi ty
council) from1 823 to 1838. Duringt hese earlyy earso f Mexico's indepen-
dence,m anyc hangesi n governmenatn d governoros ccurredb ecause ofc on-
troversyo ver a varietyo f issues. For Californiosin, cludingB allesteros,t he
mosts ignificanits suew as secularizatioonf t he missionsb ecause itc oncerned
the redistributioonf v asts tretcheosf the territorym's ostv aluablel ands.5
Secularizationin volvedt he questiono f how to integratet he Indians as
well as the missionp ropertiesin to Hispanic society.F rom the timeo f the
conquesto f Mexico, the Spanish missionsw ered esignedt o breaku p once
theirc hargesb ecame sufficientClyh ristiana nd hispanicizedt o become full
memberso fs ocietyI.d eally,a t thatp ointt hem issionc hurchews ouldb ecome
parishc hurchesa,n d missionl andsw ouldb e subdivideda mongt heI ndians.6
In practicei n the nineteenthc enturys,e cularizationb ecame a politicala nd
economics trugglbe etweenc onservativme issionarieasn d liberalC alifornios
overc ontrolo f the labora nd especiallyt he land of the Indians.
IdeologicallyM, exicanl iberalsc ommittedt hemselvetso the fulli ntegra-
tiono f Indiansi ntot he nation.T hese reformercso nsequentlyp erceivedc on-
tinuedm issionaryco ntrolo ft hen eophyteasn d theirp ropertyas paternalistic
at besta nd oppressivea t worstO n theo therh and,t heC atholicC hurch,t he
Franciscanm issionariesa,n d theirc onservativael lies arguedt hatt he reform-
ers onlys oughtt o despoil the missionso f theirl ands. Conservativecs laimed
4Marie E. Northrop, Spanish-MexicanF amilies of Early California, 1769-1850 (2 vols., New Orleans, Louis.:
Polyanthos,1 976), 1: 55-57.
5Ibid., 1:56; and C[ecil] Alan Hutchinson,F rontieSre ttlemenitn MexicanC alifornia:t heH ijar-PadréCs olonya nd Its
Origins,1 769-1835 (New Haven: Yale UniversityP ress, 1969), pp. 94-95.
ЧЗегаЫ J. Geary, The Secubrizationo f the CaliforniaM issions( 1810-1846) (Washington, D.C.: Catholic Uni-
versityo f America, 1934; repr.,N ew York:A MS Press, 1974), pp. 17, 24-25.
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RANCHOR OSAD E CASTILLA 403

theI ndiansn eededm oret imet oa daptt ot hel argesro cietyT.7h e liberaol ppo-
sitionc ounteretdh att hem issionariweso uldn everp roperlpyr eparteh eI ndi-
ans forf ullc itizenshibpe causet hep riestss implyw ishedt o maintainth eir
ownp owero vert hen eophyteasn dt hel and.
Unsurprisingtlyh,e opinionso f the missionI ndianst hemselversa rely
gaineda n audienceJ. udginfgr omt heirb ehavioarf tefru lls ecularizatioInn,d i-
ans helda varietyof o pinionsb, uto ne optionr eceivedv irtuallnyo support
fromt heC alifornioSsi. ncet heS panishh ado riginallfyo rceIdn dianst ol abor
on them issionla nds,m anyif n otm ostn eophytepsr eferretdo r eturnto t heir
traditionlailv esa s hunterasn d gathererWs. orkinmg issionla nds,C alifornio
ranchoosr, e vens mallp lotso ft heiro wnh adl ittlet o offemr ostI ndiansN. ei-
therl iberaln orc onservativMee xicanse ndorseda revivaol f Indianc ulture
sincet o themt hism eanta returnt o barbarisman d paganism.M8 oreover,
neitherp oliticalf actionw antedt rueI ndian self-determinatsiionnc et his
wouldd eprivteh et erritoroyfl abora nds trengthetnh reatenintrgi beso n the
frontieHr.o wevert,h eC alifornieol ite,r egardlesosf p oliticaslt riper, ealized
thata nyl andsa bandonedb yn eophytewso uldb e up forg rabs.
In thed ebateo vers ecularizatioJnu, anA ntonioB allesterossi dedw ith
conservativaens d thec hurchy,e tc uriouslrye ceiveda granto fm issionla nd.
When liberalC alifornioosn theiro wn movedt o breaku p them issionisn
thel ate1 820s,t hen ationagl overnmenblto ckedt hea ttempAt.p pointedg ov-
ernorb y a conservativaed ministratioinn MexicoC ity,M anuelV ictoria
reversetdh ea ctiono ft hel ocalsb ecauset heyt hreatenetdo deprivteh eI ndi-
anso ft heirp ropertyIr. onicallyin, 1831 GovernoVr ictoriha imselbfr okeo ff
atl easto nep ieceo fm issionla nd-R anchoR osad e Castilla.N9 o doubtB alles-
terosr eceivedth el andg rantf orh is supporot ft heg overnoirn thec ontro-
versyo vers ecularization.
GovernorV ictoriam adet he Rosa de Castillag rantt o Ballesterosf,o l-
lowinge arliepr roceduretsh atr equiretdh ec onsenotf t hem issionarie(sS.u ch
consenstu pposedlpyr otectetdh ei nterestosf t hen eophytesIn.) deedt, hel and
grantp recededth ef inals ecularizatioonfM issionS an Gabriebl yt hreey ears.
The latterp rocessu ltimateolycc urredw ithl ittler egardf orM exicanl awo r
thew elfaroef t heI ndiansF. atherJ oséS anchezo fS an Gabriela greedt o the
7Hutchinson,F rontierS ettlementp,. 109; and Geary, Secularizationp, p. 154-55.
8Ibid., pp. 171-172; and Hutehinson, FrontierSe ttlementp,p . 128-131.
'Geary, Secularizationp, p. 113-115; ZephyrinE ngelhardt,S an Gabriel Mission and the Beginningosf Los Angeles
(San Gabriel, Calif.: Mission San Gabriel, 1927), p. 161; and J. N. Bowman, "Index of the Spanish-Mexican
PrivateL and Grant Records and Cases of California," unpublished typescripto n microfilm,1 958, p. 265,
Californiana Collection, County of Los Angeles Public Library,R osemead, Calif.
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404 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAQ UARTERLY
Diseňoo f Rosa de Castilla presentedt o the CaliforniaB oard of Land
Commissioners,1 852. CourtesyΉ a tionalA rchivesW, ashingtonD,. C.
granta s longa s them ission'csa ttlec ouldc ontinuteo grazeo n thel and.A s
usual,t heg ranwt asm arkeodf fb ym etesa ndb oundsa ndc overedo nes quare
league( 4,293a cres)s, ubstantiallleys st hant her anchoa pparentleym braced
undert he missionR. osa de Castillas traddledw hati s now MissionR oad
betweenSa n Gabrieal ndL osA ngelesa ndi ncludedth eF ranciscaand obeo n
thea rroyro unnintgh rougthh eM ontereHyi lls.T he outerb oundariews ere
farl essc learb, utd oubtlesesx tendedf romt heA rroySoe co in then orthwest
to presentM ontereyPa ss Road in the southwestB.a llesterows*i dowl ater
statedt hath e residedin thea dobeu ntilh is deathi n 1840 afterw hichh is
familcyo ntinuetdo livet here.10
MariaF austinad el CarmenF igueroaB allesterosd,a ughteorf Manuel
AntonioF igueroaa nd MariaG ertrudeSs ilvaso f Villa Sinaloa,w as only
thirty-eigyheatr so ld at thed eatho fh erh usbandB. yt hens heh ad had nine
childrenan dw ouldl atera dd an illegitimadtaeu ghteNr.o nethelesws,i thh er
10DocketN o. 371, Board of Land Commissioners in California,1 856, Records of Departmento f Justice,R ecord
Group 60, National Archives,W ashington, D.C; Engelhardt,S an Gabriel Mission,p p. 174-75; Bowman,
"Index," p. 265; Northrop,S panish-MexicanFa milies,1 :56.
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RANCHO ROSA DE CASTILLA 405
eldests on Carlos in his earlyt wentiesS, eňora Ballesteross tayedo n at the
ranchu ntilw ar betweent he United Statesa nd Mexico disruptedt he lifeo f
thef amilyA. lthought heU .S. Marineso ccupiedL os Angelesi n August1 846,
an insurrectioenn suedi n southernC aliforniat hatl astedf ors everalm onths,
a movemenyt oungB allesterosjo ined.11
In Septemberw hent he rebelliona gainstt he United Statesb egan in Los
Angeles,r ancherJoo séd el Carmen Lugo organizedM exican resistancein the
San Bernardinoa rea. He jumped into action afterl ocal Anglo-Americans
underB enjaminW ilson threatenedt o arresth im, ironicallyt o forestalhl is
joiningt hei nsurrectionL.u go putt ogethearn armedp artyo f Sonorans,N ew
Mexicans,a nd Californiosf- romb othA lta and Baja CaliforniaC. arlos Balle-
sterosw as among those heedingt he call to arms.T he Mexicans then pro-
ceeded to Rancho Chino in searcho fW ilson.12
At the ranchL ugo's forceo f twenty-onme en surroundeda bout fortyo r
fiftyA nglo-Americanbsa rricadedi n the ranchh ouse. Shots weree xchanged
all thea fternoonof S eptember2 6, 1846. Finallyt,h en extm orninga ftera rrival
of about thirtyr einforcemenftrso mL os Angeles,t he Mexicansc hargedt he
house.A ccordingt o Lugo,
wea pproachetdh eh ousea nd surroundingfsi,r insgh otsa tt hef ours ideso ft he
buildingB. eforre eachintgh eh ouset herew asa ringo fp alingsa,g inst[s icw] hich
thoseo fu s whow eren earesmt adea rush.I n thisr usht woh orsesle apedo ver
thec ircleN. earert heh ousew asa nothecri rcleo fp alingsa nd withinit a n open
moatW e knockedd ownt hec irclbe yd rivinogu rh orsesa gainsitt ,C arlosB alles-
terosa ndI leadingO. n jumpinogu rh orseso vert hem oatB, allesterohs'o rsed id
notm akei ta nd fellt, hrowintgh er iderO. n recoverinhgi s mountB, allesteros
wass truckin ther ightte mplbe ya bulleta nd felld ead.
Two or threeo f Lugo'so therm enw erew oundedi n the successfual ssaulto n
Rancho Chino, but only Ballesterosd ied on September2 7, 1846. Subse-
quentlyt, he Mexicanss ucceededi n drivingU .S. troopsf roms outhernC ali-
forniaH. owever,r einforcebdy l and and sea, UnitedS tatesf orcesr eturnedt o
13
quell the rebellionc, onfirmintgh ec onquesto ft he regionb yJ anuary1 847.
Aftert he death of her eldests on, Sra. Ballesterosf elti ll, fearfuol f the
invaders,a nd less capable of managingR ancho Rosa de Castilla. Conse-
quentlys,h e decidedt o movet o thef amilyh ome byt he Los Angelesp laza. In
"Ibid., 1:55-56; DocketN o. 371; and WhiteheadL, ugop, p. 286, 288, 294.
lzJosdé el CarmenL ugo,V idad e un ranchertor,a nsH. elenP ruitBt eattie(S an BernardinCo,a lif.:S an Bernardino
CountyM useum,1 950),n . pag.,q uotedi n WhiteheadL,u gop, p. 290-293;o r see Lugo," Lifeo fa Rancher,"
transT. homasS avageQ, uarterHlyi storicSaol cietoyf S outherCna liforn3ia0 (Septembe1r9 50):2 00-203.
13WhiteheaLdu, gop, p. 292-293,2 95, 311.
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406 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAQ UARTERLY
her absence, accordingt o the widow herselfU, .S. soldiersc amped at the
ranch,d amagedt hea dobe, and ruinedt hep ropertyA. t thee nd oft hew ari n
1848, the ranchol aya bandoned,a situationt hatw ouldl ateru ndermineS ra.
Ballesterost' itlet o the land grant14
HoweverS, ra. Ballesterohs ad nota bandonedh eri nteresitn thep roperty.
In keepingw ithh erh usband'so riginala greemenatn d in lieu of tithingS, ra.
Ballesterosp ermittedt he churcht o grazec attlet here.H owever,t he cattle
weret hose of the plaza churchi n Los Angeles since the missionh erdsh ad
been decimateda fters ecularizationT. he widow's problemsm ay have con-
tinuedb ecause in Marcho f 1849 she mortgagedal l ofh erp ropertiesi,n clud-
ing Rosa de Castilla,t o merchanJt ohnT emplef orf iveh undreds ilverp esos
to be repaidi n justo vert hreep ounds of gold dust On the otherh and, this
loan mayh ave financeda tripb y one of her others ons to the gold fieldso f
northernC aliforniaB. y 1852 in her depositionf ort he CaliforniaB oard of
Land Commissionerst,h e widow claimedh erh usbandh ad lefth er the ran-
cho unencumberedb yd ebt,b ut did not statew hethers he had sold the land
to coverh ero wn debt She mayn oth ave been able to repayT emplew ithout
sellingt he ranch.15
At thisp ointF atherA nadet Lestrade,p astoro ft he plaza churche, ntered
thep ictureT. he transfeorf C aliforniat o theU nitedS tatesh ad createdt umult
in the organizationo f the Catholic Church.D iocesan jurisdictiono ver the
regionw as unclear,a nd the expandingp opulationd emandeda ttentionT. he
secularizatioonf t he missionsh ad led to a declinei n Franciscansa nd a short-
age of priestsi n generalT. his situationl ed to the temporarypr esenceo f the
Fatherso ft he Congregationo ft he SacredH earts,a Catholico rderw ithm is-
sionsi n variousp artso ft hew orldi ncludingA sia Minor,S outhA merica,a nd
the Hawaiian Islands. Havingb rieflym inisteredto Californiai n the 1830s,
the PicpusF athers,s o called aftert heirh eadquarterisn Paris,w erea sked to
returnb yt hel ocal hierarchdyu ringt heG old Rush.A mongt hosea rrivingin
San Franciscoi n 1850 was FatherL estrade.16
Originallyf romt he departmento f Lot in France,F atherL estradeh ad
directedc ollegesf orh is ordera t its missionsi n Asia Minora nd Chile. After
arrivingin California,h e brieflys erved at Mission San Carlos Borromeo
"Docket No. 371.
15Ibid.;a nd "Archiveso f the Prefectureo f Los Angeles," A: 613-615, MS Film 382, Huntington library.
"Léonce Jore, The Fatherso f the Congregationo f the Sacred Hearts (Called Picpus) in California, trans. L Jay
Oliva, SouthernC aliforniaQ uarterly4,6 (December 1964): 301-302; and Harold A. Whelan, The PicpusS tory:
The SacredH eartsF athersM' issionaryA ctivityin theS andwichI slandsa nd EarlyC alifornia( Pomona, Calif.: Apoš-
toláte of Christian Renewal, 1980), pp. 162-163, 224.
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