Ramayana Book Two: Ayodhya (Clay Sanskrit Library)

653 Pages·2005·1.98 MB·English

by  Sheldon Pollock

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FirstEdition2005
TheClaySanskritLibraryisco-publishedby
NewYorkUniversityPress
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TypesetbySomadevaVasudeva.
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BoundbyHunter&FoulisLtd,Edinburgh,Scotland.
Ra¯ma¯yana
.
Book two
Ayodhya¯
by Valm´ıki
TRANSLATEDBY
SHELDON I. POLLOCK
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
JJC FOUNDATION
2005
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
ISBN0-000(cloth:alk.paper)
1.Sanskritliterature–Earlyworksto1800.
2.Tales–India–Earlyworksto1800.
I.—
II.Title.III.Series.
Contents
Sanskritalphabeticalorder 7
CSLconventions 7
RAMA´YANA
Introduction 13
1–6 RamaAsPrinceRegent 33
7–12 TheBoonsOfKaike´yi 69
13–22 RamaSubmits 105
23–28 SitaAndLa´kshmana 159
29–36 RamaRenounces 187
37–42 Ayo´dhyaGrieves 227
43–50 TheHermitage
OnMountChitra·kuta 255
51–58 TheEndOfDasha·ratha 301
59–68 Bha´rataReturns 345
69–76 Bha´rataRefusesTheThrone 387
77–87 Bha´rataInPursuitOfRama 423
88–103 RamaIsResolved 479
104–107 TheViceroyaltyOfBha´rata 571
108–111 RamaEntersTheForest 589
Glossary 613
Index 619
Asandhigridisprintedontheinsideofthebackcover

sanskritalphabeticalorder
Vowels: aa¯i¯ıuu¯.r.¯r.l.¯leaioaum. h.
Gutturals: kkhgghn˙
Palatals: cchjjhn˜
Retroflex: .t.thd. d.hn.
Labials: pphbbhm
Semivowels: yrlv
Spirants: ´s.ssh
guidetosanskritpronunciation
a but nouncedtaihi
a¯,aˆ rather k luck
i sit kh blockhead
¯ı,ˆı fee g go
u put gh bighead
u¯,uˆ boo n˙ anger
.r vocalicr,Americanpurdy c chill
orEnglishpretty ch matchhead
.¯r lengthened.r j jog
.l vocalicl,able jh aspiratedj,hedgehog
e,ˆe,¯e made,esp.inWelshpro- n˜ canyon
nunciation .t retroflex t, try (with the
ai bite tip of tongue turned up
o,oˆ,o¯rope,esp.Welshpronun- totouchthehardpalate)
ciation;Italiansolo .th sameastheprecedingbut
au sound aspirated
m. anusva¯ranasalizesthepre- d. retroflex d (with the tip
cedingvowel of tongue turned up to
h. visarga,avoicelessaspira- touchthehardpalate)
tion(resemblingEnglish d.h sameastheprecedingbut
h),orlikeScottishloch,or aspirated
anaspirationwithafaint n. retroflex n (with the tip
echoingofthepreceding of tongue turned up to
vowelsothattaih. ispro- touchthehardpalate)
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rama´yanaii–ayo´dhya
t Frenchtout r trilled,resemblingtheIta-
th tenthook lianpronunciationofr
d dinner l linger
dh guildhall
v word
n now
´s shore
p pill
.s retroflexsh(withthetip
ph upheaval
ofthetongueturnedup
b before
bh abhorrent totouchthehardpalate)
m mind s hiss
y yes h hood
cslpunctuationofenglish
TheacuteaccentonSanskritwordswhentheyoccuroutsideofthe
Sanskrittextitself,marksstress,e.g.Rama´yana.Itisnotpartoftra-
ditionalSanskritorthography,transliterationortranscription,butwe
supplyitheretoguidereadersinthepronunciationoftheseunfamiliar
words.SincenoSanskritwordisaccentedonthelastsyllableitisnot
necessarytoaccentdisyllables,e.g.Rama.
ThesecondCSLinnovationdesignedtoassistthereaderinthepro-
nunciationoflengthyunfamiliarwordsistoinsertanunobtrusivemid-
dledotbetweensemanticwordbreaksincompoundnames(provided
thewordbreakdoesnotfallonavowelresultingfromthefusionof
twovowels),e.g.Maha·bha´rata,butRama´yana(notRama·a´yana).Our
dotechoesthepunctuatingmiddledot(·)foundintheoldestsurviv-
ingsamplesofwrittenSanskrit,theAshokaninscriptionsofthethird
centurybce.
ThedeeplayeringofSanskritnarrativehasalsodictatedthatweuse
quotationmarksonlytoannouncethebeginningandendofeverydirect
speech,andnotatthebeginningofeveryparagraph.
cslpunctuationofsanskrit
TheSanskrittextisalsopunctuated,inaccordancewiththepunc-
tuationoftheEnglishtranslation.Inmid-verse,thepunctuationwill
notalterthesandhiorthescansion.Propernamesarecapitalized,asare
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cslconventions
theinitialwordsofverses(orparagraphsinprosetexts).MostSanskrit
metreshavefour“feet”(pa¯da):wherepossibleweprintthecommon
´slokametreontwolines.Thecapitalizationofversebeginningsmakes
iteasyforthereadertorecognizelongermetreswhereitisnecessaryto
printthefourmetricalfeetoverfouroreightlines.IntheSanskrittext,
we use French Guillemets (e.g. «kva sam.cic¯ır.suh.?») instead of English
quotationmarks(e.g.“Whereareyouoffto?”)toavoidconfusionwith
theapostrophesusedforvowelelisioninsandhi.
Sanskritpresentsthelearnerwithachallenge:sandhi(“euphoniccom-
bination”).Sandhimeansthatwhentwowordsarejoinedinconnected
speechorwriting(whichinSanskritreflectsspeech),thelastletter(or
evenletters)ofthefirstwordoftenchanges;comparethewaywepro-
nounce“the”in“thebeginning”and“theend.”
InSanskritthefirstletterofthesecondwordmayalsochange;andif
boththelastletterofthefirstwordandthefirstletterofthesecondare
vowels,theymayfuse.ThishasaparallelinEnglish:anasalconsonantis
insertedbetweentwovowelsthatwouldotherwisecoalesce:“apear”and
“anapple.”Sanskritvowelfusionmayproduceambiguity.Thechartat
thebackofeachbookgivesthefullsandhisystem.
Fortunatelyitisnotnecessarytoknowthesechangesinordertostart
readingSanskrit.Forthat,whatisimportantistoknowtheformofthe
secondwordwithoutsandhi(pre-sandhi),sothatitcanberecognized
orlookedupinadictionary.ThereforeweareprintingSanskritwitha
systemofpunctuationthatwillindicate,unambiguously,theoriginal
formofthesecondword,i.e.,theformwithoutsandhi.Suchsandhi
mostlyconcernsthefusionoftwovowels.
InSanskrit,vowelsmaybeshortorlongandarewrittendifferently
accordingly. We follow the general convention that a vowel with no
markaboveitisshort.Otherbooksmarkalongvoweleitherwitha
barcalledamacron(a¯)orwithacircumflex(aˆ).Oursystemusesthe
macron, except that for initial vowels in sandhi we use a circumflex
toindicatethatoriginallythevowelwasshort,ortheshorteroftwo
possibilities(eratherthanai,oratherthanau).
Whenweprintinitialaˆ,beforesandhithatvowelwasa
ˆıorˆe, i
uˆoroˆ, u
9