Table Of Content

RamanAmplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems This page intentionally left blank Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems Clifford Headley Govind P.Agrawal Editors Amsterdam • Boston (cid:127) Heidelberg (cid:127) London (cid:127) NewYork (cid:127) Oxford Paris (cid:127) SanDiego (cid:127) SanFrancisco (cid:127) Singapore (cid:127) Sydney (cid:127) Tokyo ElsevierAcademicPress 200WheelerRoad,6thFloor,Burlington,MA01803,USA 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright©2005,ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyform orbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording, oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin writingfromthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&Technology RightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(+44)1865843830, fax:(+44)1865853333,e-mail:[email protected] completeyourrequeston-lineviatheElsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com), byselecting“CustomerSupport”andthen“ObtainingPermissions.” LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData ApplicationSubmitted BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:0-12-044506-9 ForallinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourWebsiteatwww.academicpress.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 OpticalFibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 RamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 AdvantagesofRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 ImprovedNoiseFigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.2 ImprovedGainFlatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.4 ConcernsinRamanAmplification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.1 MultipathInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4.2 PumpNoiseTransfertotheSignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4.3 NoiseFigureTilt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5 AdvancedConceptsinRamanAmplification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5.1 BidirectionalPumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5.2 HigherOrderPumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5.3 FrequencyModulatedPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5.4 BroadbandSpectralWidthPumpSources. . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6 PumpSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6.1 DiodeLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.6.2 RamanFiberLasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.7 SummaryofChapters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 TheoryofRamanAmplifiers 33 2.1 PumpandSignalEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.1.1 RamanGainSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1.2 Single-PumpRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.1.3 Multiple-PumpRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.2 PerformanceLimitingFactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2.1 SpontaneousRamanScattering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.2.2 RayleighBackscattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.2.3 Pump-NoiseTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 v vi CONTENTS 2.3 EffectsofPolarization-ModeDispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.3.1 VectorTheoryofRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.3.2 AverageRamanGainandSignalFluctuations . . . . . . . . 72 2.3.3 ProbabilityDistributionofAmplifiedSignal . . . . . . . . . 76 2.3.4 Polarization-DependentGain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.4 UltrafastRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.4.1 Pulse-PropagationEquations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.4.2 EffectsofGroup-VelocityMismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 2.4.3 Anomalous-DispersionRegime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.4.4 Normal-DispersionRegime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3 DistributedRamanAmplifiers 103 3.1 BenefitsofDistributedRamanAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.1.1 Upgradability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.1.2 NoiseImprovementsinRepeateredSystems . . . . . . . . . 107 3.1.3 Bandwidth/Flatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 3.1.4 GainatAnyWavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.2 BeneficialCharacteristicsofDistributedRamanAmplifiers . . . . 109 3.2.1 GeneralBenefitsfromtheRamanScatteringProcess . . . 110 3.2.2 NoisePropertiesofDistributedRamanAmplifiers . . . . . 114 3.3 ChallengingCharacteristicsofDistributedRamanAmplifiers. . . 120 3.3.1 Nonlinearities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3.3.2 RayleighReflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.3.3 TimeResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 3.4 BackwardPumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.4.1 WavelengthMultiplexingofPumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3.4.2 BroadenedPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3.4.3 Time-Division-MultiplexedPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 3.5 AdvancedPumpingConfigurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 3.5.1 HigherOrderPumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 3.5.2 QuietPumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4 DiscreteRamanAmplifiers 169 4.1 BasicConfigurationandItsModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.1.1 Single-PumpAmplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.1.2 Multiple-PumpAmplification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.1.3 NonlinearPhaseShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.2 GainFibersandMaterial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 CONTENTS vii 4.2.1 RamanPropertiesofGermano-SilicateFibers . . . . . . . . 177 4.2.2 RamanPropertiesofOtherFiberMaterials . . . . . . . . . . 178 4.3 DesignIssuesofDiscreteRamanAmplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 4.3.1 MaximumRamanGainasaFunctionofFiberLength . . 180 4.3.2 FigureofMeritofGainFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.3.3 EfficiencyandLinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 4.3.4 Pump-MediatedNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4.3.5 ASENoiseFigure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 4.3.6 NonlinearEffectsandDoubleRayleigh BackscatteringNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 4.3.7 OptimumFiberLengthandNumberofStages. . . . . . . . 192 4.3.8 TransientEffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 4.4 Dispersion-CompensatingRamanAmplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4.4.1 Dispersion-CompensatingFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 4.4.2 DCFasaRamanGainFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 4.5 WidebandOperationbyWDMPumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 4.5.1 WideFlatCompositeGain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 4.5.2 PumpSRSTilt—EffectofSaturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 4.5.3 SignalSRSTilt—HowtoDefineGain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 4.5.4 ControlofGain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 4.5.5 FlatteningOtherParameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 5 SystemImpairments 215 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 5.2 PumpNoiseTransfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 5.2.1 RelativeIntensityNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 5.2.2 UndepletedModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 5.2.3 PerformanceDegradationDuetoRIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5.2.4 ImpactofPumpDepletion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 5.2.5 MeasurementsofRINTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 5.2.6 LowRINPumpLaserTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 5.2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 5.3 MultipathInterferencePenalties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.3.1 Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 5.3.2 MeasurementofDRSNoise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 5.3.3 MPISuppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5.3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 5.3.5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 viii CONTENTS 6 SemiconductorPumpLasers 267 6.1 TechnologyBasisofHigh-PowerSemiconductorLasers . . . . . . 267 6.1.1 High-PowerSemiconductorLaserModule . . . . . . . . . . 268 6.1.2 FundamentalsofHigh-PowerSemiconductor LaserChip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 6.1.3 OtherApproachestoHigh-PowerPumpLaser. . . . . . . . 278 6.1.4 HeatExhaustionoftheLaserChip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 6.1.5 OpticalCouplingSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.1.6 Performanceof14xx-nmPumpLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 6.2 SemiconductorPumpLasersforRamanAmplifiers . . . . . . . . . 286 6.2.1 FiberBraggGratingLasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 6.2.2 Fabry-PerotLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.2.3 Inner-GratingMultimodeLasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 6.2.4 HybridPump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 7 CascadedRamanResonators 303 7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 7.1.1 PumpLaser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 7.1.2 RamanFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 7.1.3 FiberBraggGratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 7.2 DesignofaCascadedRamanResonator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 7.2.1 OptimizationofFiberLength,OutputCoupler Reflectivity,andSpliceLoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 7.2.2 FiberTypeandPumpWavelengthOptimization. . . . . . . 330 7.2.3 LinewidthConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 7.2.4 NoiseProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.3 MultipleWavelengthCascadedRamanResonators. . . . . . . . . . 340 7.3.1 ObtainableOperatingPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 7.3.2 OperatingPointStability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 7.3.3 TemporalBehaviorofaMWRFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 7.3.4 Six-WavelengthRamanFiberLasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 7.3.5 Second-OrderRamanFiberLasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Index 367 Contributors Numbersinparenthesisindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’contribu- tionsbegin. GovindP.Agrawal(1,33),ProfessorofOptics,UniversityofRochester, InstituteofOpticsRochester,NY14627 Yoshihiro Emori (169), The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., 6 Yawata- Kaigandori,Ichihara,Chiba,290-8555Japan Clifford Headley (1, 303), Technical Manager, OFS Laboratories, 17 AberdeenCircle,Flemington,NJ08822 HowardKidorf(215),82TowerHillDrive,RedBank,NJ07701 ShuNamiki(169),TheFurukawaElectricCo.,Ltd.,6Yawata-Kaigandori, Ichihara,Chiba,290-8555Japan MortonNissov(215),Director,TycoTelecommunications,6MarkPlace, Ocean,NJ07712 Atsushi Oguri (169), The Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., 6 Yawata- Kaigandori,Ichihara,Chiba,290-8555Japan Karsten Rottwitt (103), Associate Professor, Technical Univiversity of Denmark, Research Center COM, Sandskraenten 5, DK-2850 Narun, Denmark Naoki Tsukiji (267), Technical Manager, Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd., 2-4-3,Okano,Nishi-ku,Yokohama220-0073Japan JunjiYoshida(267),Engineer,FurukawaElectricCo.,Ltd.,2-4-3,Okano, Nishi-ku,Yokohama220-0073Japan ix

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Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems PDF

389 Pages·2005·7.184 MB·English
by  Clifford Headley, Govind Agrawal
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