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RAISED UNDER STALIN
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RAISED UNDER
STALIN
Young Communists and
the Defense of Socialism
Seth Bernstein
CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON
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Copyright © 2017 by Cornell University
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts
thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from
the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House,
512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.
First published 2017 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bernstein, Seth, author.
Title: Raised under Stalin : young communists and the defense of socialism /
Seth Bernstein.
Description: Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017004652 (print) | LCCN 2017005181 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781501709883 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781501712029 (epub/mobi) |
ISBN 9781501709388 (pdf)
Subjects: LCSH: Socialism and youth—Soviet Union—History. | Vsesoiuzny˘ı
leninski˘ı kommunisticheski˘ı soiuz molodezhi—History. | Youth—
Soviet Union—History. | Soviet Union—History—1925–1953.
Classification: LCC HQ799.R9 B385 2017 (print) | LCC HQ799.R9 (ebook) |
DDC 305.2350947084—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004652
Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and
materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials
include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally
chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit
our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.
March of Young Pioneers in gas masks, 1935. Photograph by Viktor Bulla.
Tsentral′nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Kinofotofonodokumentov Sankt-Peterburga
(TsGAKFFD SPb).
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Contents
List of Figures vii
Acknowledgments ix
Note on Conventions xi
Introduction: The First Socialist Generation 1
1. Youth in the Stalin Revolution 11
2. Cultural Revolution from Above 40
3. Class Dismissed? 69
4. The Great Terror as a Moral Panic 95
5. The Rehabilitation of Young Communists 121
6. A Mass Youth Organization 142
7. Paramilitary Training on the Eve of War 165
8. Youth at War 188
Conclusion: The Aftermath of War 223
Appendix of Tables 229
Bibliography 237
Index 251
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Figures
1.1 Young Communists in 1920 15
1.2 “Complete komsomolization,” 1930 34
2.1 Aleksandr Kosarev in 1925 44
2.2 Children at an equipped Osoaviakhim corner, 1934 53
2.3 Pioneers in formation, 1936 54
2.4 Kosarev in uniform at the Tenth Komsomol
Congress, 1936 58
3.1 Kosarev, Joseph Stalin, and Andrei Andreev 79
4.1 “Old man in the Komsomol,” 1934 115
5.1 Kosarev in 1936 136
6.1 Admissions to the Komsomol at a department
store in Sverdlovsk, 1937 145
6.2 Political education at a factory Komsomol 148
7.1 Military training in Ordzhonikidze territory, 1937 175
7.2 March of Young Pioneers in gas masks, 1935 180
7.3 Militarized march in Gorkii province, 1940 184
vii
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Acknowledgments
I have put myself in a great deal of intellectual debt while writing this book. At the
risk of forgetting some of my obligations, though, I will keep these acknowledg-
ments short. Lynne Viola deserves a special place in this work. Her guidance was
fundamental as I wrote and revised this book. My Higher School of Economics
colleague Oleg Khlevniuk has my particular appreciation for reading the entire
manuscript and providing detailed suggestions that improved it. In addition,
the first ranks of recognition must include Doris Bergen, Michael David-Fox,
Thomas Lahusen, David Shearer, and Alison Smith.
A number of colleagues provided me with invaluable assistance as readers,
commentators, and supporters. These include Susan Grant, Anna Hajkova,
Aaron Hale-Dorrell, Sam Hirst, Rob Hornsby, Matthew Lenoe, Vojin Majstoro-
vic, Tracy McDonald, Brandon Miller, Lilia Topouzova, Jon Waterlow, and
Zbigniew Wojnowski. In addition, Oleg Budnitskii and Liudmila Novikova not
only provided me with important suggestions on my work but also with a home
in Moscow where I could finish this manuscript.
W riting this book would have been impossible without the help of archivists
in Kiev, Moscow, Petrozavodsk, and Riazan. I will single out the incomparable
Galina Mikhailovna Tokareva, who never tired of seeing me after several years
in the former Komsomol Archive (now a part of the Russian State Archive of
Social-Political History). Elena Pozdniak of the State Archive of Riazan Province
first introduced me to archival research as a young postgraduate student and
welcomed me back in subsequent years. Maria Panova organized a formative
research trip to the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) Archive in Kiev.
It has been a pleasure working with Cornell University Press. In particular,
Roger Haydon not only curated this publication but also provided insightful
comments on the manuscript. This work also benefited significantly from the
readings of the two anonymous reviewers. I am grateful for Karen Laun’s excel-
lent coordination of this book’s production and Carolyn Pouncy’s thorough
editing.
T his book has led me far from my friends and family in the United States. My
parents, Jim Bernstein and Lynn Franklin, and sister Miranda Bernstein have
been supportive no matter where my curiosity has taken me. My Moscow family,
Tanya and Teo Glakhov, made the book worth writing.
ix
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