Radiowave Propagation and Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications (The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science Volume 599) (The ... Series in Engineering and Computer Science)

331 Pages·2000·10.86 MB·English

by  Ramakrishna Janaswamy

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION AND
SMART ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION AND
SMART ANTENNAS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
by
Ramakrishna Janaswamy
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-46990-1
Print ISBN: 0-792-37241-7
'2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
Print '2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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Contents
Preface xiii
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF CELLULAR RADIO 1
1. Introduction 1
2. The Cellular Concept 2
3. Multiple Access Schemes 5
4. Traffic Engineering 8
5. Summary 12
2. PRINCIPLES OF RADIOWAVE
PROPAGATION 15
1. Introduction 15
2. Plane Waves 15
3. Classification of Electromagnetic Media 18
4. Free-Space Transmission 20
5. Plane Wave Reflections from Planar Interface 23
5.1 Surface Roughness 26
5.2 Equivalent Impedance of a Random Rough Surface 29
5.3 Fresnel Zones 31
6. Radio Horizons 35
vi RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION & SMART ANTENNAS
7. Two Ray Model Over Flat Earth 35
8. Effect of Obstacles 39
8.1 Diffraction by Knife Edge 39
8.2 Knife Edge Over Ground 45
8.3 Rounded Hills 49
9. 3D Diffraction (UTD) 51
10. Forward Propagation 55
11. Summary 64
3. MEDIAN SIGNAL PREDICTIONS 67
1. Introduction 67
2. Scales of Fading 67
3. Statistical Distribution of the Median Signal Level 70
3.1 Effect of Vegetation 71
3.2 Effect of Street Orientation 74
3.3 Signal Attenuation in Tunnels 75
4. Determination of Coverage Area from a Base Station 76
5. Empirical Models for Path Loss 82
5.1 Hata Model for Macrocells 82
5.2 COST-231-Walfish-Ikegami Model 84
5.3 Empirical Model for Suburban Areas 88
5.4 Empirical Model for Microcells 90
6. Longley-Rice Model: 92
6.1 Calculation of Effective Antenna Heights 93
7. Summary 96
4. CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL
SCALE FADING 99
1. Introduction 99
2. Spatial Distribution of the Field 100
Contents vii
2.1 Introduction 100
2.2 Statistical Envelope Model 102
2.3 Angle of Arrival and Signal Spectrum 108
2.4 Autocorrelation and Spectrum of Signal Envelope 117
2.5 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration 124
2.6 Random FM 128
2.7 Ricean Fading 129
3. Spatial Correlation of Field 131
4. Summary 137
5. WIDEBAND CHARACTERIZATION OF
THE RADIO CHANNEL 141
1. Introduction 141
2. A Simple Two-Ray Model 142
3. Linear System Description 144
3.1 Input Delay Spread Function 145
3.2 Time Variant Transfer Function 146
3.3 Output Doppler Spread Function 147
3.4 Delay-Doppler Spread Function 147
4. Random Time-Variant Communications Channels 148
5. Classification of Channels 148
5.1 Wide-Sense Stationary Channel 149
5.2 Uncorrelated Scattering 149
5.3 WSSUS Channels 150
5.4 ScatteringFunctionDescriptionofMobileRadio
Channel 151
6. Wideband Impulse Response of the Radio Channel 153
7. Power Delay Profile 156
8. Frequency Selectivity of Channel 159
9. Summary 160
viii RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION & SMART ANTENNAS
6. GEOMETRIC MODELS FOR ANGLE AND TIME OF ARRIVAL 163
1. Introduction 163
2. General Formulation 164
3. Elliptical Scattering Model 167
4. Circular Scattering Model 171
5. Gaussian Scatter density 177
6. Summary 184
7. SPATIAL DIVERSITY 185
1. Introduction 185
2. General Receive Array Theory 186
3. Combining Techniques 189
4. Selection Combining 192
5. Maximal Ratio Combining 195
6. Equal Gain Combining 200
7. Diversity Gain 202
8. Antenna Gain 203
9. Effect of Branch Correlation 205
10. Mutual Coupling 207
11. Summary 212
8. SMART ANTENNAS 219
1. Introduction 219
2. Capacity Increase with Switched Beam Antenna 222
2.1 Effect of Shadowing and Fading on Frequency Reuse 225
2.2 Regions of Interference 229
2.3 Six Co-channel Interferers 231
2.4 Capacity of Switched Beam Antenna under Shadowing
235
and Fading
Contents ix
3. Adaptive Antennas 239
3.1 Interference Cancellation 240
3.2 Optimal Weights for Narrowband Case 244
3.3 Statistics of the output CINR 251
3.4 Capacity Improvement in CDMA 258
3.5 Weight Generation 262
3.6 Reference Signal Generation 265
4. Summary 265
9. MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 269
1. Introduction 269
2. MIMO Channel Capacity 270
2.1 SISO Channel 272
2.2 N-Parallel Transmission Lines 273
2.3 SIMO Channel 275
2.4 General Rayleigh Faded Matrix Channel 276
2.5 Practical Considerations 278
3. Summary 278
Appendices 279
A–Numerical Generation of a Random Process 279
B–Wideband Channel Model for N-Element Array 287
C–Distribution of Hermitian Quadratic Forms in Complex 293
Gaussian Variates
1. Matrix Preliminaries 293
2. Transformation of Variables 294
3. P.D.F. of Hermitian Quadratic Form 296