Table Of ContentNAS-NS-3061
RA
OF BISMUTH
NUCLEARSCIENCE SERIES
National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council
Published by
Technical Information Center
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE
John Huizenga, Chairman, Nuclear WrUcture Re=arch Laboratory
Thomas A. Tombrello, Vice Chairman, California institute of T=hnology
C. K. Reed, Executive SecretarNyet,ional Academy of Sciences
Lowell M. Bollinger, Argonne Nationel Laboratow
Peggy Dyer, UnivarsiW of Washington
Rusaall Heath, Aerojet Nuclear Co., Inc.
Roy K. Middlaton, University of Pennsylvania
1:Lon Morgan, Columbie Scientific Industries
G. Davis O’Kelley, Oek Ridge National Laboratow
G. C. Phillips, Rice University
Henry N. Wagner, Jr., The Johns Hopkins Medial Institutions
Joseph Wen~, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Sheldon’ Wolff, University of California
Chien-Shiung Wu, Columbia Univar?@
Alexander Zuckar, Oak Ridga National Laborato~
Liaison Members
William S. Rodney, National science Foundation
George L. ROWS, Energy Research and Development Admini-ration
SUBCOMMITTEE ON RAD1OCHEMISTRY
G. Davis O’Kelley, Chairmsrr, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Glen E. Gordon, UnivwsiW of Maryler& ‘“-
,-.
Rolfa H. Hw*r, Rutgers Univemity
John A. Miskel, Lawrence Livermore LaboratoW
Harold A. O’Brien, Jr., Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Richard W. Perkins. Bettafle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Andrew F. Stehney, Argonne National Laboratory
Kurt Wotfsbarg, Los Alanros Scientific Laboratow
LiaisonMembers ~
John L. Burnatte, Energy Research and Davelopmant Administration
FTed Findeis, National Scienca Foundation i.,.~..
Radiochemistry of Bismuth
Kashinath S. Bhatki
TataInstitutoefFundamental Research
Homi Bhabha Road,Bombay 400005
and
Bhabha Atomic ResearchC-entre
Trornbay,Bombay 400085 (India)
Prepared for Subcommittee on Radiochemistry
National Academy of Sciences - Natiorial Research Council
IssuanceDate:September 1977
Published by
Technical 1nform,ation center
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Price$4.75.Availablefrom:
NationalTechnicalInformationservice
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SpringfieldV,irginia22161
Printed in the United States of Anmrh
ERDA TArrical Informution Center, Oak Ridge, Ten~
1977
Foreword
The Subcommittee on Radiochemistryisone ofanumber ofsubcommitteesworkingunderthe
Committee on Nuclear Science of the NationalResearchCouncil.Itsmembers represent
government, industriala,nd universitylaboratoriesin the areasof nuclearchemistryand
analyticaclhemistry.
The Subcommittee has concerneditselwfiththoseareasofnuclearsciencewhich involve
the chemist,wch as the collectionand distributionof rediochemicalprocedures,the
radiochemicalpurityof reagents,radiochemistryinenvironmentalscienceq nd in nuclear
medicine,andtheroleofradiochemistryincollegeand universi~programs.
Thisseriesof monographs hasgrown out of the need forcompilationsofradiochemical
information,procedures,and techniques,The Subcommittee hasendeavoredtopresentaseries
thatwillbe of maximum useto theworking scientistE.ach monograph presentspertinent
informationrequiredforradiochemicalwork with an individualelementorwitha specialized
technique.
Expertsintheparticularradiochemicaltechniquehavewrittenthemonographs.The Energy
Rewarch and Development Administrationhassponsoredtheprintingoftheseries.
The Subcommittee isconfidentthesepublicationswillbe usefulnotonlytoradiochemists
butal= toresearchworkersinotherfieldssuchasphysics,biochemistry,ormedicinewho wish
touseradiochemicaltechniquestosolvespecificproblems.
G.DavisO’Kelley,Chairman
Subcommittee on RadioChemistry
,,.
.,
iii
Preface
-Thisreport on the radlochemistryof bismuth has been preparedas one
of aseries of monographson the radiochemistryof the elementsunder the
sponsorshipof the Subcoinnitteeon Radlochemistryof the Comnitteeon Nuclear
Scienceswithin the National ResearchCouncil.
Includedherein Is a reviewof the nuclearand chemicalfeaturesof par-
ticularinterestto the radiochemfst,a discussionof Importantanalytical
proceduressuch as precipitation, solventextraction,ion exchange,paper
chromatography,electroanalyticalseparations,volatilization,etc., together
with gravimetrlc,volumetric,and photometricmethods and a discussionon
problemsof dissolutionof a sample. Also includedare variousradioactivity
countingtechniquesand a collectionof radiochemicalproceduresfor bismuth
as found In the literature.
The informationcontainedin this report is Intendedprimarilyfor a
radiochemist,but the increasinginterestof the so-calledradlochemistin
problems involvlngmineral, meteorological,biologicaland environmental
samplesand the continuinguse of radiochemlcaltechniquesby biologists,
biochemist:,analytical,organicand physical chemistshas caused a rather
broad definitionof radiochemistryto be taken. It is hoped that this report
will be of use to workers in these diverse fields,while at the same time keep-
ing reasonablyaccessiblethe data needed by workers desiringto make simple,
fast separationsof bismuthfrom some other radioelements.
The literaturesearchwas completedaround the middle of 1973.
It is hoped that the bibliographyIs sufficientlyextensiveto serve the
needs of the radiochemist,but it is to be expectedthat Importantreferences
were omitted. Notificationof such omissionsof publishedor unpublished
materialor new techniquesfor incluslonin futurerevisionsof this monograph
WOU1d be much appreciatedby the author.
K. S. Bhatki
Bc+nbayI,ndia
March, 1976
iv
Foreword iii
Preface iv
Contents v
I. GeneralReferenceson the Chemistryof Bismuth 1
A. Inorganicand AnalyticalChemistry 1
B. Radiochemistry 1
II. Isotopesof Bismuth 3
III. Reviewof the Chemistryof Bismuth 10
A. MetallicBismuth 10
B. ChemicalPropertiesof Bismuth 11
c. BismuthCompounds 12
1. Solubleand insolublesalts of bismuthand
gravimetriccompounds 12
2. The bismuthylcompounds 15
3. Organiccompoundsof bismuth 16
4. Sununaryof the propertiesof bismuthcompounds 18
D. Precipitationand Coprecipitation 23
1. Coprec~pitationof Bismuth 23
2. Precipitationof bismuth 25
E. BismuthComplex Ionsand Chelates 29
F. AnalyticalDeterminationsOther than Gravimetric 29
1. Volumetricmethods 29
2. Colori,metricand SpectrophotometricMethods 38
3. 2-Pyridylazocompounds 44
G. SolventExtraction 46
v
1. Ion associationsystems 49
2, Chdlatesystems 50
H. Ion Exchange 58
1. Cationexchange 60
2. Anion exchange 68
3. Chelatingresin 70
I. Chromatography 71
1. Paperchromatography 72 :
2. Separations 74
3. Reversedphase extractionchromatographyor partition 79
chromatography
J. Electrochmlcal Techniques 82
1. Electrolyticmethods 83
2. Potentiometrictitrations 86
3. Amperometry 86
4. Polarographicanalysis 89
K. NeutronActivation 91
L. Atanic AbsorptionSpectrometry 93
M. Vacuum Evaporation 95
N. The Ring Oven Technique 95
O. Substoichiometryin BismuthAnalysis 99
IV. Dissolutionof BismuthSamples 100
v. CountingTechniques 101
VI. CollectedRadiochenicalProcedures 105
References 129
vi
Radiochemiatry of Bismuth
KashinathS. Bhatkl
Tata Instituteof FundamentalResearchpBombay-5
and
BhabhaAtcnnicResearchCentre,Trombay (India)
I. GENERALREFERENCESON THE CHEMISTRYOF BISMUTH
A, Inorganicand AnalyticalChemistry
1. The AmericanSociety for Metals,MetalsHandbook,Chapmanand Hall,
London, 1971.
2. Basolo,F. and Pearson,R. G., Mechanismsof Inorgan~cReactions.
2nd edition,John Wiley and Sons, New York, 196/.
3. Busev,A. I., Tiptsova,V. G. and Ivanov,V. M., “Bismuth”,in
Handbookof theAnalyticalChemistryofRARE ELEMENTS. (Translated
by Schmorak,J.) Ann Arb,or-HumphreySciencePublishers, London,
1970.
4. Fritz,J. S., “Bismuth”,in Treatiseon AnalyticalChemistry.
Kolthoff,I. M. and Elving,P. Section
A. IntersciencePublishers,New”Yo;k~”l;6~’14;:175.p
5. Lingane,J. J., AnalyticalChemistryof SelectedMetallicElements.
ReinholdPublishingCorporation,New York, 1966.
6. McGraw-HillEncyclopediaof Scienceand Technolo “Bismuth”,in
Vo1. 2> PP. Z68-ZIU. McGraw-HillBook
7. Miller,E. A., “Originand Distributionof the Elements”,in
L. H. Ahrens, (cd.)PergamonPress,Oxford, 1970.
8. Morries,P., “Bismuth”,in ComprehensiveAnalyticalChemistry,
Wilson, C. L. and Wilson, D. C* PP. 26b-Z/6s
ElsevlerPublishingCo.,Amste;d~,si96+
9. Templeton,D. H. and Bassett,L. G., “Phosphorus,Arsenic,Antimony
and Bismuth”,pp. 321-338,In C. J. Rodden (cd.)Anal tical
Chemistryof the ManhattanProject,McGraw-HillB+o,o.,
hew York, lYtLI.
10. Wilson,C. L. and Wilson,D. W.. (eds.) ComprehensiveAnalytical
Chemistry,Vol. 11.C: “ElectricalMethods,PhysicalSeparation
Methods”, lsevierl%blishing Co., Amsterdam,1971.
B. Radiochemistry
1. Bagnall,K. W.. “The Chemistryof Polonium”,in Advances in
InorganicChemistryand Radiochemistry, vol. 4, ~cademic Press,
New York, 1962.
1
2. Figgins,P. E., “The Radlochemistryof Polonium”NationalAcademy
of Sciences- NationalResearchCouncilReportNAS-NS-3037,(1961).
3. Fritz,J. S., “Bismuth”,Ames LaboratoryReport IS-232,(Oct.1960),
Ames, Iowa.
4. Gibson,W. M., “The Radiochemistryof Lead”,NationalAcademy of
Sciences- NationalResearchCouncilReportNAS-NS-3040(1961).
5. Haissinsky,M., and Adloff,J. P., RadiochemicalSurveyof the
Elements,ElsevierPublishingCo., New York,~
6. Kirby,H. W. and Salutsky,M. L., “The Radiochemistryof Radium”,
NationalAcademyof Sciences- NationalResearchCouncilReport,
NAS-NS-3057(1964).
7. Lange, R. C., “TheAnalyticalChemistryof Polonium”,in Anal tical
*
-#Y;;;;~~e;.;ti~ !4%” ‘. ‘. ‘eds.)’“
8. McKay, H. A. C,”,Principlesof Radiochemistry,Butterworths,London,
1971.
