Table Of ContentRADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS
THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES
IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS
by
Nishith D. Tripathi
Nortel Networks
Jeffrey H. Reed
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Hugh F. VanLandingham
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBookISBN: 0-306-47318-6
Print ISBN: 0-792-37374-X
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
CHAPTER 1 HANDOFF AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HANDOFF 1
1.2 DESIRABLE FEATURES AND COMPLEXITIES OF
HANDOFF 4
1.3 CELLULAR SYSTEM DEPLOYMENT SCENARIOS 7
1.3.1 Macrocells 7
1.3.2 Microcells 8
1.3.3 Macrocell/Microcell Overlays 11
1.3.4 SpecialArchitectures 13
1.3.5 Integrated Wireless Systems 16
1.4 HANDOFF CRITERIA 18
1.5 CONVENTIONAL HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 19
1.5.1 Signal Strength Based Algorithms 20
1.5.2 Distance Based Algorithm 23
1.5.3 SIRBased Algorithms 23
1.5.4 Velocity Adaptive Algorithms 24
1.5.5 Direction-Biased Algorithms 25
1.5.6 Minimum Power Algorithms 25
1.5.7 RSS and BER Based Algorithms 26
1.6 EMERGING HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 26
1.6.1 Dynamic Programming Based Handoff Algorithms 26
1.6.2 Pattern Recognition Based HandoffAlgorithms 27
1.6.3 Prediction-Based Handoff Algorithms 28
1.6.4 Neural HandoffAlgorithms 28
1.6.5 Fuzzy HandoffAlgorithms 29
1.7 HANDOFF PRIORITIZATION 29
1.7.1 Introduction toHandoffPriority 29
1.7.2 Handoff Priority Schemes 30
1.8 HANDOFF AND RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 31
1.8.1 Introduction to Resource Management 31
1.8.2 Integrated Radio Resource Management Algorithms 34
Contents
1.9 HANDOFF PROTOCOLS 35
1.9.1 Network Controlled Handoff 35
1.9.2 Mobile Assisted Handoff 36
1.9.3 Soft Handoff 38
1.9.4 Mobile Controlled Handoff 40
1.10 MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
IN CELLULAR SYSTEMS 40
1.11 SUMMARY 42
CHAPTER 2 FUZZY LOGIC AND NEURAL NETWORKS
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY LOGIC 43
2.2 INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORKS 48
2.2.1 Fundamentals of ANNs 48
2.2.2 Paradigms of ANNs 49
2.2.3 Training Methods for the MLP and the RBFN 52
2.3 CONCLUSION 56
CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF HANDOFF AND RADIO RESOURCE
MANAGEMENTALGORITHMS
3.1 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MEASURES 57
3.2 HANDOFF EVALUATION MECHANISMS 59
3.2.1 Analytical Approach 59
3.2.2 Simulation Approach 60
3.2.3 Emulation Approach 65
3.2.4 A Macrocellular Simulation Model 66
3.2.5 A Microcellular Simulation Model 69
3.2.6 An Overlay Simulation Model 71
3.2.7 A Soft Handoff Simulation Model 73
3.3 AN EVALUATION MECHANISM FOR
RADIO RESOURCEMANAGEMENT 74
3.4 SUMMARY 81
CHAPTER 4 A GENERIC FUZZY LOGIC BASED
HANDOFF ALGORITHM
4.1 HANDOFFALGORITHMS: DESIGN
AND ANALYSIS ISSUES 83
4.2 A CLASS OF FUZZY LOGIC BASED
Contents
ADAPTIVE HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 84
4.2.1 Design Procedure 84
4.2.2 Analysis of Proposed Class of Algorithms 93
4.3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED
AND CONVENTIONAL ALGORITHMS 94
4.3.1 Interference Adaptation 95
4.3.2 Traffic Adaptation 97
4.3.3 Velocity Adaptation 98
4.3.4 Combined Interference, Traffic,
and Velocity Adaptation 99
4.4 CONCLUSION 100
CHAPTER 5 A NEURAL ENCODED FUZZY LOGIC ALGORITHM
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO AN ADAPTIVE
HANDOFF ALGORITHM 101
5.2 APPLICATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS TO HANDOFF 104
5.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 109
5.4 CONCLUSION 114
CHAPTER 6 A UNIFIED HANDOFF CANDIDACY ALGORITHM
6.1 AN ADAPTIVE FUZZY HANDOFF ALGORITHM
WITH ADAPTIVE DIRECTION-BIASING 115
6.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
OF PROPOSED ALGORITHMS 120
6.2.1 Performance Evaluation of FL, DBFL,
and TDBFL Algorithms 120
6.2.2 Performance Evaluation of FL, DBFL,
and ADBFL Algorithms 123
6.3 CONCLUSION 126
CHAPTER 7 PATTERN CLASSIFICATION BASED HANDOFF
ALGORITHMS
7.1 HANDOFF AS A PATTERN CLASSIFICATION
PROBLEM 127
7.2 DESIGN OF A PATTERN CLASSIFIER FOR HANDOFF 129
7.2.1 Determination of the Training Data Set 129
7.2.2 Pattern Classifier: Structure
Contents
and Actual Operation of Classification 132
7.2.3 Details of the PC-Based Handoff Algorithms 132
7.3 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 134
7.3.1 Evaluation of a Fuzzy Logic Pattern Classifier
Handoff Algorithm 135
7.3.2 Evaluation of an MLP Pattern Classifier
Handoff Algorithm 136
7.3.3 Evaluation of an RBFN Pattern Classifier
Handoff Algorithm 138
7.3.4 Evaluation of a Direction-Biased MLP
Pattern Classifier Handoff Algorithm 139
7.4 CONCLUSION 140
CHAPTER 8 MICROCELLULARHANDOFF ALGORITHMS
8.1 INTRODUCTION TO HANDOFFS IN MICROCELLS 141
8.2 ADAPTIVE HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 143
8.2.1 A Generic Microcellular Algorithm 144
8.2.2 A Microcellular Algorithm
with Interference, Traffic, and Mobility Adaptation 149
8.3 SIMULATION RESULTS 151
8.3.1 LOS And NLOS PerformanceEvaluation
of the Microcellular Algorithms 151
8.3.2 Performance Evaluation of the Microcellular
Algorithm with Interference, Traffic, and Mobility
Adaptation 152
8.4 CONCLUSION 156
CHAPTER 9 OVERLAY HANDOFF ALGORITHMS
9.1 INTRODUCTION TO HANDOFFS IN OVERLAYS 157
9.2 CONVENTIONAL AND ADAPTIVE
OVERLAY HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 159
9.3 SIMULATION RESULTS FOR OVERLAY ALGORITHMS 165
9.4 CONCLUSION 168
CHAPTER 10 SOFT HANDOFF ALGORITHMS
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOFT HANDOFF 169
10.2 ADAPTIVE SOFT HANDOFF ALGORITHMS 172
