Radio Propagation and Adaptive Antennas for Wireless Communication Links: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Ionospheric

631 Pages·2006·13.48 MB·English

by  Nathan Blaunstein

Radio Propagation and
Adaptive Antennas for
Wireless Communication
Links

Radio Propagation and
Adaptive Antennas for
Wireless Communication
Links
Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Ionospheric
Nathan Blaunstein and Christos Christodoulou
WILEY INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Blaunstein,Nathan.
Radiopropagationandadaptiveantennasforwirelesscommunicationlinks:terrestrial,
atmospheric,andionospheric/byNathanBlaunsteinandChristosChristodoulou.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-471-25121-7
ISBN-10:0-471-25121-6
1.Adaptiveantennas.2.Radiowavepropagation.3.Wirelesscommunication
systems–Equipmentandsupplies.4.Cellulartelephonesystems–Equipment
andsupplies.I.Christodoulou,ChristosG.II.Title.
TK7871.67.A33.B552007
621.38204–dc22 2006045742
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
This book isdedicatedto the authors’ families, wives,
and children, and tothe memoryof their teachers
CONTENTSCON
Contents
Preface xv
Chapter One: Fundamentals of Radio Communications 1
1.1. Radio Communication Link 1
1.2. FrequencyBandfor Radio Communications 2
1.3. Noise in Radio Communication Links 3
1.4. Main Propagation Characteristics 4
1.4.1. Path Loss 6
1.4.2. Characteristics ofMultipath Propagation 7
1.4.3. SignalPresentation inWirelessCommunication Channels 10
1.4.4. Parameters ofthe Multipath Communication Channel 14
1.4.5. Types ofFadinginMultipath Communication Channels 17
1.5. Problemsin AdaptiveAntennas Application 20
Bibliography 21
Chapter Two: Antenna Fundamentals 22
2.1. RadiationPattern 23
2.2. Field Regionsof anAntenna 26
2.3. RadiationIntensity 27
2.4. Directivity andGain 29
2.5. Polarization 31
2.5.1. Wave andAntenna Polarization 31
2.5.2. Linear,Circular, and Elliptical Polarization 31
2.6. Terminal Antennas inFree Space 34
2.7. Antenna Types 34
Bibliography 35
vii
viii CONTENTS
Chapter Three: Fundamentals of Wave Propagation inRandomMedia 36
3.1. Main Wave Equations andRandomFunctions 37
3.1.1. Wave Equations 37
3.1.2. Random Functions and Their Moments 39
3.1.3. Random Equations 42
3.2. The PerturbationMethodfor Multiple Scattering 43
The Mean Perturbed Propagator 46
The Mean Double Propagator 48
Mass Operatorand Dyson Equation 49
3.3. An Exact Solution of1D-Equation 51
3.4. Approximations ofthe Perturbation Method 54
3.4.1. Low Order Approximations 54
3.4.2. Convergence ofthe PerturbationExpansion 57
3.4.3. Bourret’sBilocal andKraichnan’s Random Coupling Models 58
3.5. Random Taylor Expansion at Short Wavelengths 65
3.6. An Exact Solution ofthe Scalar WaveEquation 67
Approximate Evaluations ofthe Functional Integral(3.137) 71
3.7. The Electromagnetic WaveEquation 72
3.8. Propagation in Statistically Inhomogeneous Media 74
3.9. Propagation in Homogeneous Anisotropic Media 76
3.9.1. Coupling Between Wave Modes 76
3.9.2. EnergyTransfer Between WaveModes 79
Bibliography 85
Chapter Four: Electromagnetic Aspects of WavePropagation
over Terrain 87
4.1. Waves Propagation inFree Space 88
4.1.1. APlane,Cylindrical and SphericalWave Presentation 88
4.1.2. Green’s FunctionPresentation 89
4.1.3. Huygen’sPrinciple 90
4.1.4. The Concept of Fresnel Zones for Free Space 92
4.1.5. Polarizationof Radio Waves 96
4.2. Path LossinFree Space 97
4.3. Radio Propagation AboveFlat Terrain 98
4.3.1. Boundary Conditionsat the Perfectly
ConductiveSurface 98
4.3.2. Areas Significant for Reflection 99
4.3.3. Reflection Coefficients 104
4.4. Propagation Above Rough Terrain Under LOS Conditions 106
4.4.1. Scattering froma Rough Ground Surface 106
4.4.2. The PerturbationSolution 107
4.4.3. Kirchhoff’s Approximation 111
4.4.4. The Rayleigh Approximation 115
CONTENTS ix
4.5. Propagation Above a Smooth CurvedTerrain 116
4.6. Effect ofa Single Obstacle Placed ona Flat Terrain 119
Bibliography 122
Chapter Five: Terrestrial RadioCommunications 125
5.1. Characterization ofthe Terrain 126
5.2. Propagation Scenarios inTerrestrial Communication Links 127
5.3. Propagation over a Flat Terrain inLOS Conditions 127
5.4. Propagation over a Hilly Terrain inNLOS Conditions 131
5.5. Effect ofa Building onthe Radio Propagation Channel 131
5.5.1. The Electric Fieldof the Vertical Dipole 132
5.5.2. Diffraction from the Edge ofa Perfectly ConductiveBuilding 133
5.5.3. Diffraction at an ImpedanceEdge of aBuilding 134
5.5.4. Diffraction from Roofs 135
5.5.5. Field Distribution Around aBuilding 137
5.5.6. Total Wave Field Reflected from the Walls and the
Ground Surface 138
5.6. Propagation in Rural ForestEnvironments 140
5.6.1. AModel of Multiple Scattering ina Forested Area 140
5.6.2. Comparison with Other Models 146
5.7. Propagation in MixedResidential Areas 146
5.7.1. Statistical Description ofMixedResidential Area 146
5.7.2. The Average Field Intensity 148
5.8. Propagation in Urban Environments 149
5.8.1. Propagation in Urban Areas with RegularlyDistributed
Rows ofBuildings 150
5.8.2. Propagation Above Urban IrregularTerrain 154
5.8.3. Comparison with ExistingModels 169
Bibliography 170
Chapter Six: Effects of the Troposphere on RadioPropagation 175
6.1. Main Propagation Effects of the Troposphereas aSpherical
LayeredGaseous Continuum 175
6.1.1. Model ofthe Troposphere and Main Tropospheric Processes 175
6.1.2. Tropospheric Refraction 179
6.1.3. Wave Attenuationby Atmospheric Gaseous Structures 185
6.1.4. Scattering inthe Troposphere by Gaseous Structures 189
6.1.5. Propagation Clearance 191
6.1.6. Depolarization ofRadio Wavein the Atmosphere 192
6.2. Effects ofthe Hydrometeors onRadioPropagation inthe
Troposphere 193
6.2.1. Effects ofRain 193
6.2.2. Effects ofClouds andFog 206
x CONTENTS
6.3. Effects ofTropospheric Turbulences onRadioPropagation 210
6.3.1. Main Characteristics and Parameters
ofAtmospheric Turbulence 210
6.3.2. Tropospheric Scintillations 219
6.3.3. Effects ofTroposheric Turbulences onSignalFading 228
6.3.4. Radio Propagation Caused byTropospheric Scattering 230
6.4. Link Budget Design for Tropospheric Communication Links 232
Bibliography 233
Chapter Seven: IonosphericRadioPropagation 237
7.1. Main Ionospheric Effects on Radio Propagation 238
7.1.1. Parameters andProcesses Affecting Radio Propagation
inthe Ionosphere 238
7.1.2. Main Effects ofRadio Propagation Through the Ionosphere 250
7.2. Effects ofthe Inhomogeneous Ionosphere on Radio Propagation 254
7.2.1. Propagation Effects of Large-Scale Inhomogeneities 255
7.2.2. Propagation Effects of Small-Scale Inhomogeneities 262
7.2.3. Scattering Phenomena Caused bySmall-Scale
Inhomogeneities 272
7.3. Back andForwardScattering of Radio Waves
by Small-Scale Ionospheric Inhomogeneities 290
7.3.1. Effects ofBack andForwardScattering 291
7.3.2. Power of H –Scatter Signals 294
E
Bibliography 299
Chapter Eight: Indoor Radio Propagation 302
8.1. Main Propagation Processes and Characteristics 304
8.2. Modelingof Loss Characteristics inVarious Indoor Environments 306
8.2.1. Numerical Ray-Tracing UTD Model 307
8.2.2. Physical WaveguideModel ofRadioPropagation
Along the Corridor 311
8.2.3. Physical Model ofRadio Propagation Between Floors
andWalls 314
8.2.4. Empirical Models 318
8.3. Link Budget Design Verification byExperimental Data 325
Bibliography 332
Chapter Nine: AdaptiveAntennas forWireless Networks 335
9.1. Antenna Arrays 336
9.1.1. Antenna Array Terminology 337
9.1.2. Architecture ofthe Antenna Array 340
CONTENTS xi
9.2. Beamforming Techniques 343
9.2.1. Analog Beamforming 344
9.2.2. Digital Beamforming 348
9.3. AdaptiveAntenna for Wireless Communication Applications 357
9.3.1. AdaptiveAntennasfor Outdoor WirelessCommunications 357
9.3.2. AdaptiveAntennasfor Indoor Wireless Communications 367
9.3.3. AdaptiveAntennasfor Satellite-Mobile Communications 369
9.4. Network Performance ImprovementUsing anAntenna Array 371
9.4.1. ReductioninMultipath Phenomena 371
9.4.2. ReductioninDelay Spread 373
9.4.3. ReductioninAngular Spread 374
9.4.4. Range Increase 375
9.4.5. ReductioninCo-Channel Interference and Outage
Probability 376
9.4.6. Increasein Spectrum Efficiency andDecrease of
BER by Using Smart Antennas 380
Summary 382
Bibliography 382
Chapter Ten:Prediction of Signal Distribution inSpace, Time
and Frequency Domains in Radio Channels for Adaptive
Antenna Applications 393
10.1. PredictingModels for Indoor Communication Channels 395
10.2. PredictingModels for Outdoor Communication Channels 401
10.3. Experimental Verification ofSignalPower Distribution
inAzimuth, Elevation, and Time Delay Domains 417
10.4. SignalPower Spectra Distribution inFrequency
Shift Domain 432
10.4.1. Spatial SignalDistribution 432
10.4.2. SignalPower DistributioninDoppler ShiftDomain 434
Bibliography 437
Chapter Eleven:Multipath Fading Phenomena in Land
Wireless Links 441
11.1. PredictionofLossCharacteristics for Land Radio Links 442
11.1.1. Statistical Distribution of Buildingsin Urban
Environments 443
11.1.2. Influenceof Terrain Features on Loss Characteristics 446
11.1.3. FrequencyDependenceof Signal Intensity in Various
Built-Up Areas 448
11.1.4. Radio PatternAround a Building—Comparison
Theory andExperiment 451