Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

576 Pages·2000·38.542 MB·English

by  B. J. Klauenberg (auth.), B. Jon Klauenberg, Damijan Miklavčič (eds.)

Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry
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Series 3. High Technology - Vol. 82
Radio Frequency Radiation
Dosimetry
and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of
Electromagnetic Fields
edited by
B. Jon Klauenberg
United States Air Force Research Laboratory,
Human Effectiveness Directorate,
Directed Energy Bioeffects Division,
Radio Frequency Radiation Branch,
Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas, U.S.A.
and
Damijan Miklavcic
Faculty of Electrical Engineering,
University of Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Springer-Scieoce+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
Gozd Martuljek, Slovenia
12-16 October 1998
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6405-4 ISBN 978-94-011-4191-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4191-8
Printed an acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ ing photocopying, record ing or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
INTRODUCTION
NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety
B. 1. Klauenberg ................................................................................................ 1
United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety:
Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards
M. R. Murphy ................................................................................................... 11
International EMF Project
M. H. Repacholi ............................................................................................... 21
SESSION A: BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DOSIMETRY
CHAIR: Y. GRIGORIEV
Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry
Y. Grigoriev ..................................................................................................... 29
Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation
Y. Grigoriev and V. Stepanov .......................................................................... 31
Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts
w.
D. Hurt ........................................................................................................ 39
Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields
D. Simunic ........................................................................................................ 53
Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultra wide band Electromagnetic
Radiation
R. K. Adair ....................................................................................................... 63
SESSION B: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE
CHAIR: C. GABRIEL
Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues
C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 73
The Dielectric Properties of Tissues
C. Gabriel ......................................................................................................... 75
vi
Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave
and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions
D. V. Land, A. J. Gorton, and G. Hamilton ...................................................... 85
Dielectric Properties of Skin
T. Lahtinen, J. Nuutinen, and E. Alanen .......................................................... 97
Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR
L. D. Szabo and J. Bakos ............................................................................... 103
SESSION C: THEORETICAL DOSIMETRY
CHAIR: O. P. GANDHI
Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry
O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 109
Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent
Results
O. P. Gandhi ................................................................................................... 111
Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the
Human Body
P. J. Dimbylow ............................................................................................... 123
Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in
Nonuniform Media
M. L. Rudakov ............................................................................................... 133
Recent Advances in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling
P. A. Mason, J. M. Ziriax, W. D. Hurt, T. J. Walters, K. L. Ryan,
D. A. Nelson, K.1. Smith, and J. A. D'Andrea .............................................. 141
SESSION D: EXPERIMENTAL DOSIMETRY
CHAIR: N. KUSTER
Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry
N. Kuster and T. J. Walters ............................................................................ 157
Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation ofRF Transmitters
K. Pokovic, M. Burkhardt, T. Schmid, and N. Kuster ................................... 159
High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media
A. G. Pakhomov, S. P. Mathur, Y. Akyel, J. L. Kiel, and M. R. Murphy ...... 187
Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter
Wavelength Radiation Exposure
E. P. Khizhnyak and M. C. Ziskin .................................................................. 199
Vll
A Comparison of SAR Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling
T. 1. Walters, P. A. Mason, K. 1. Ryan, D. A. Nelson, and W. D. Hurt ........ 207
Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields
P. Vecchia and A. Polichetti ........................................................................... 217
Molecular Dosimetry
J. L. Kiel ......................................................................................................... 227
Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range
M. S. Markov ................................................................................................. 239
Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies
P. Bernardi, M. Cavagnaro, G. D'Inzeo, and S. Pisa ...................................... 247
SESSION E: CONTACT AND INDUCED CURRENTS
CHAIR: M. ISRAEL
Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents
M. Israel ..................................................................................................... 257
Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency, and Microwave
Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases
M. S. Israel ..................................................................................................... 259
Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low
Frequency Exposure Standards
1. P. Reilly ...................................................................................................... 271
Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards
S. Tofani ......................................................................................................... 293
Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions
1. A. Leonowich ............................................................................................. 301
Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources
P. Gajsek ........................................................................................................ 309
Induced Current Densities and SARs from Non-uniform, Near-Field Exposure to
Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields
P. Chadwick ................................................................................................... 321
Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near
Field Dosimetry
R. A. Tell ........................................................................................................ 335
viii
SESSION F: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS I
CHAIR: E. R. ADAIR
Summary of Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I
E. R. Adair. ..................................................................................................... 343
Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure
E. R. Adair. ...................................................................................................... 345
Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue
K. R. Foster .................................................................................................... 357
SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans
R. G. Olsen ..................................................................................................... 367
Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals
V. G. Petin, G. P. Zhurakovskaya, and A. V. Kalugina ................................. 375
Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation
J. H. Merritt and L. N. Heynick ...................................................................... 383
SESSION G: RESPONSES OF MAN AND ANIMALS II
CHAIR: J. A. D'ANDREA
Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II
J. A. D'Andrea ............................................................................................... 393
Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye
1. A. D'Andrea and S. Chalfm ........................................................................ 395
Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation
J. O. de Lorge ................................................................................................. 403
Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals inside Biological Tissue Media
K. S. Nikita ..................................................................................................... 409
900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian
Hamsters
A. Lerchl, H. Brendel, M. Niehaus, H. Krishnamurthy, V. Hansen,
1. Streckert, and A. Bitz ................................................................................. 419
Ligand Binding Under RF EM Exposure
A. Chiabrera, B. Bianco, S. Giordano, S. Bruna, E. Moggia, and
J. J. Kaufinan .................................................................................................. 429
ix
SESSION H: APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE
CHAIR: D. MIKLAV CJ(~:
SumrnaIY of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine
D. Miklav~i~ ................................................................................................... 449
Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies
K. Hansson Mild ............................................................................................ 451
Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies
S. Szmigielski, R. Kubacki, and Z. Ciolek ..................................................... 459
Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating during Magnetic
Resonance Imaging: Specific Absorption Rate Study
C. K. Chou. ..................................................................................................... 473
Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current
Density Imaging
K.. Beravs, R. Frangez, and F. Demsar .......................................................... .483
Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous-Endocrine-Immune
Interactions
D. Miklav~i~, L. Vodovnik, and T. Kotnik .................................................... 493
SESSION I: STANDARDS AND APPLICATIONS
CHAIR: J. M. OSEPCHUK
Summary of Session I: Standards and Applications
J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 501
Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States
J. M. Osepchuk ............................................................................................... 503
The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs
1. H. Bernhardt ............................................................................................... 513
Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic
Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany
K. W. Hofmann .............................................................................................. 523
Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation
Relevant EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices
G. Thuroczy, J. Janossy, and N. Nagy. ........................................................... 531
The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards
J. Musil ........................................................................................................... 541
x
SESSION J: THE DOSIMETRY HANDBOOK
CHAIR: P. A. MASON
Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook
P. A. Mason .................................................................................................... 545
Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook:
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
J. C. Mitchell .................................................................................................. 547
Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry
Handbook
1. M. Ziriax, P. A. Mason, W. D. Hurt, 1. A. D'Andrea, M. A. Arce, and
J. F. Petri III .................................................................................................. 555
Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 565
Speakers ....................................................................................................................... 571
Participants ................................................................................................................... 578
Official Photograph ...................................................................................................... 582
Index ............................................................................................................................. 585