Table Of ContentI
Radio Communications
Radio Communications
Edited by
Alessandro Bazzi
In-Tech
intechweb.org
Published by In-Teh
In-Teh
Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia
Abstracting and non-profit use of the material is permitted with credit to the source. Statements and
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© 2010 In-teh
www.intechweb.org
Additional copies can be obtained from:
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First published April 2010
Printed in India
Technical Editor: Martina Peric
Cover designed by Dino Smrekar
Radio Communications,
Edited by Alessandro Bazzi
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-091-9
V
Preface
In the last decades the restless evolution of information and communication technologies
(ICT) brought to a deep transformation of our habits. The growth of the Internet and the
advances in hardware and software implementations modified our way to communicate and
to share information.
Although conceived for study and working scopes, the presence of ICT infrastructures
and services are now pervasive in our life. Their availability is felt as a need that cannot
be constrained to a place: people want to have them anytime, anywhere. And the need for
wireless connections starts from daily communication and embraces all fields of human life,
in an ever increasing way: transportation systems, home management, healthcare, emergency
operations. This brought to the large interest and great evolution that characterized radio
technologies in the last years all over the world. Since the development of the first wireless
systems, great technological advances were performed: spread spectrum and multi-carrier
techniques allowed to make transmissions over larger bandwidths with higher data rates for
the final users in challenging scenarios where line of sight is not guaranteed and multipath
severely affects signal propagation; new coding techniques were developed to increase the
efficiency of radio transmissions; advanced link adaptation and power control algorithms
were implemented in order to allow optimized trade-off between reliability and data rate;
and many other topics shall be cited.
Cellular systems, initially deployed to allow telephony in mobility for urgency needs have
now reached a penetration of almost 100% of inhabitants in developed countries, with the
ability to exchange data at more than 10 Mbit/s; at the same time, wireless access to local
networks can now be performed at almost 100 Mbit/s. But the need for higher data rates does
not stop and it jointly proceeds with the development of new services, thus requiring the
investigation and implementation of new technologies and new radio resources management
solutions. In the near future, all available technologies will be jointly used by smart devices,
following the always best connected paradigm: users will connect to an heterogeneous
wireless network, without the need to know which technology they are effectively using.
The adoption of multiple antennas and beamforming techniques will reduce the effects of
interference and increase the achievable data rates. Relaying and cooperation among devices
will allow better performance with lower costs and energy consumption.
In this book, an overview of the major issues faced today by researchers in the field of radio
communications is given through 35 high quality chapters written by specialists working in
universities and research centers all over the world. Various aspects will be deeply discussed:
channel modeling, beamforming, multiple antennas, cooperative networks, opportunistic
VI
scheduling, advanced admission control, handover management, systems performance
assessment, routing issues in mobility conditions, localization, web security. Advanced
techniques for the radio resource management will be discussed both in single and multiple
radio technologies; either in infrastructure, mesh or ad hoc networks. In particular, the book
is organized following a bottom up structure, starting from the physical level up to the whole
system. More precisely, the physical layer aspects are discussed through chapters 1 to 10,
with particular emphasis to MIMO systems; from chapter 11 to chapter 18, data link layer and
radio resource management are handled without focusing to a specific technology: backward
error correction, scheduling, relaying; a deeper investigation of systems performance, with
particular reference toWiMAX andWiFi systems, is then given through chapters 19 to 25;
heterogeneous wireless networks are then examined through chapters 26 to 29; the cross-layer
issues of localization and web security, which are of increasing interest in modern wireless
technologies, are finally discussed in the remaining part of the book.
Although these pages will not cover all the aspects of such a wide topic, the reader will find
a helpful overview on what is happening now and what is expected in an early future in the
field of radio communications. It must be remarked that this book was possible thanks to the
valuable work of all authors involved and to the IN-TECH technical staff.
Alessandro Bazzi*
*Alessandro Bazzi works at WiLab (www.wilab.org), an organization with affiliates belonging to the
Italian National Council for Researches CNR (ICT Department, IEIIT Institute) and Italian Universities
of Bologna and Ferrara. WiLab has expertise in the field of telecommunications systems with particular
emphasis on wireless systems; research activity is mainly performed within the context of important na-
tional and international projects, in relation with some of the most important manufacturers and service
providers, and in strict cooperation with colleagues coming from the main universities in Europe and
United States.
VII
Contents
Preface V
1. Radio-communications architectures 001
Antoine Diet, Martine Villegas, Geneviève Baudoin and Fabien Robert
2. Analytical SIR for Cross Layer Channel Model 037
Abdurazak Mudesir and Harald Haas
3. The Impact of Fixed and Moving Scatterers on the Statistics
of MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels 051
Ali Chelli and Matthias Pätzold
4. Planar Antenna Array Hybrid Beamforming for SDMA
in Millimeter Wave WPAN 065
Sau-HsuanWu, Lin-Kai Chiu, Ko-Yen Lin and Ming-Chen Chiang
5. A Distributed Multilayer Software Architecture for MIMO Testbeds 077
José A. García-Naya, M. González-López and L. Castedo
6. Recent Developments in Channel Estimation and Detection
for MIMO Systems 099
Seyed Mohammad-Sajad Sadough and Mohammad-Ali Khalighi
7. Cooperative MIMO Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks 123
M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi
8. Optimal Cooperative MIMO Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks 151
M. Riduan Ahmad, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang and M. Kadim Suaidi
9. Single/Multi-User MIMO Differential Capacity 167
Daniel Castanheira and Atílio Gameiro
10. Low Dimensional MIMO Systems with Finite Sized Constellation Inputs 185
Rizwan Ghaffar and Raymond Knopp
11. Advanced Hybrid–ARQ Receivers for Broadband MIMO Communications 211
Tarik Ait-Idir, Houda Chafnaji, Samir Saoudi and Athanasios Vasilakos
12. Cooperative ARQ: A Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer Perspective 227
Jesús Alonso-Zárate, Elli Kartsakli, Luis Alonso and Christos Verikoukis
VIII
13. A Hybrid Feedback Mechanism to Exploit Multiuser Diversity
in Wireless Networks 247
Yahya S. Al-Harthi
14. Opportunistic Access Schemes for Multiuser OFDM Wireless Networks 265
Cédric Gueguen and Sébastien Baey
15. Bidirectional Cooperative Relaying 281
Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay and Shankar Prakriya
16. A Novel Amplify-and-Forward Relay Channel Model for Mobile-to-Mobile
Fading Channels Under Line-of-Sight Conditions 307
Batool Talha and Matthias Pätzold
17. Resource Management with Limited Capability of Fixed Relay Station
in Multi-hop Cellular Networks 321
Jemin Lee and Daesik Hong
18. On Cross-layer Routing in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks 339
Golnaz Karbaschi, Anne Fladenmuller and Sébastien Baey
19. Mobile WiMAX Performance Investigation 361
Alessandro Bazzi, Giacomo Leonardi, Gianni Pasolini and Oreste Andrisano
20. Throughput-Enhanced Communication Approach for Subscriber Stations
in IEEE 802.16 Point-to-Multipoint Networks 385
Chung-Hsien Hsu and Kai-Ten Feng
21. Holdoff Algorithms for IEEE 802.16 Mesh Mode in Multi-hop
Wireless Mesh Networks 399
Bong Chan Kim and Hwang Soo Lee
22. Call Admission Control Algorithms based on Random Waypoint Mobility
for IEEE802.16e Networks 419
Khalil Ibrahimi, Rachid El-Azouzi, Thierry Peyre and El Houssine Bouyakhf
23. Queueing-Model-Based Analysis for IEEE802.11 Wireless LANs
with Non-Saturated Nodes 441
Shigeo Shioda and Mayumi Komatsu
24. Increasing the Time Connected to Already Deployed 802.11 Wireless Networks
while Traveling by Subway 457
Jaeouk Ok, Pedro Morales, Masateru Minami and Hiroyuki Morikawa
25. Asymmetric carrier sense in heterogeneous medical networks environment 473
Bin Zhen, Huan-Bang Li, Shinsuke Hara and Ryuji Kohno
26. Multi-Agent Design for the Physical Layer of a Distributed Base Station Network 493
Philippe Leroux and Sébastien Roy
IX
27. Inter-RAT Handover Between UMTS And WiMAX 523
Bin LIU, Philippe Martins, Philippe Bertin and Abed Ellatif Samhat
28. MHD-CAR: A Distributed Cross-Layer Solution for Augmenting Seamless
Mobility Management Protocols 551
Faqir Zarrar Yousaf, Christian Müller and Christian Wietfeld
29. Mobility in IP Networks: From Link Layer to Application Layer Protocols
and Architectures 573
Thienne Johnson, Eleri Cardozo, Rodrigo Prado, Eduardo Zagari and Tomas Badan
30. Positioning in Indoor Mobile Systems 597
Miloš Borenović and Aleksandar Nešković
31. Location in Ad Hoc Networks 619
Israel Martin-Escalona, Marc Ciurana and Francisco Barcelo-Arroyo
32. Location Tracking Schemes for Broadband Wireless Networks 639
Po-Hsuan Tseng and Kai-Ten Feng
33. Wireless Multi-hop Localization Games for Entertainment Computing 651
Tomoya Takenaka, Hiroshi Mineno and Tadanori Mizuno
34. Measuring Network Security 673
Emmanouil Serrelis and Nikolaos Alexandris
35. A testing process for Interoperability and Conformance of secure Web Services 689
Spyridon Papastergiou and Despina Polemi
