Table Of ContentRadical Islam and International
Security
Radical Islam poses a political challenge in the modern world which is like that
of no other radical religious movement. Ideologically, it is perceived by Western
policy makers as threatening the liberal-democratic ideology by which most
states in the West abide and which most other states rhetorically espouse.
This book serves as a welcome addition to the intellectual and policy debate
on the nature of the radical Islam phenomenon and how to respond to it. The
collection is divided into three parts, analyzing the phenomenon of radical
Islam, the challenges it poses to current international security and the strategic
responses available. The first part seeks to understand the Islamic challenge in
broad comparative and historical terms, while the second part deals with specific
regional case studies, which seek to identify patterns of uniformity and variation
in radical Islam across a wide swath of terrain. The third part is policy-oriented,
suggesting possible responses to the Islamic challenge. The contributors include
distinguished researchers from Europe, North America and the Middle East.
This book will be of much interest to students of Islamism, political violence,
international security and Middle Eastern politics.
Hillel Frisch is a senior lecturer in the Departments of Political Science and
History of the Middle East at Bar-Ilan University. Efraim Inbar is a Professor
in Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University and the Director of its Begin-Sadat
(BESA) Center for Strategic Studies. He is author of five books and editor of
nine collections of articles.
BESA studies in international security
Series Editor: Efraim Inbar
Middle Eastern Security
Prospects for an arms control regime
Edited by Efraim Inbar and Shmuel Sandler
Religious Radicalism in the Greater Middle East
Edited by Bruce Maddy-Weitzman and Efraim Inbar
The National Security of Small States in a Changing World
Edited by Efraim Inbar and Gabriel Sheffer
Israeli Strategy after Desert Storm
Lessons of the Second Gulf War
Maj. Gen. (res.) Aharon Levran
The Politics and Economics of Defense Industries
Edited by Efraim Inbar and Benzion Zilberfarb
Democratic Societies and Their Armed Forces
Israel in comparative context
Edited by Stuart A. Cohen
US Allies in a Changing World
Edited by Barry Rubin and Thomas Keaney
Armed Forces in the Middle East
Politics and strategy
Edited by Barry Rubin and Thomas Keaney
The Gulf War of 1991 Reconsidered
Edited by Andrew J. Bacevich and Efraim Inbar
Democracies and Small Wars
Edited by Efraim Inbar
Religion in World Conflict
Edited by Jonathan Fox and Shmuel Sandler
Radical Islam and International Security
Challenges and responses
Edited by Hillel Frisch and Efraim Inbar
Radical Islam and
International Security
Challenges and responses
Edited by Hillel Frisch and Efraim Inbar
First published 2008
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.
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© 2008 Selection and editorial matter, Hillel Frisch and Efraim Inbar;
individual chapters, the contributors
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN 0-203-93840-2 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-44460-8 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-93840-2 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978–0–415–44460–6 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–93840–9 (ebk)
Contents
List of illustrations vii
Notes on contributors viii
Introduction: radical Islam and international security:
challengesand responses 1
HILLEL FRISCH AND EFRAIM INBAR
PART I
The challenge of radical Islam: general themes 9
1 Religious extremism or religionization of politics?
Theideological foundations of political Islam 11
BASSAM TIBI
2 Islam from flexibility to ferocity 38
ZE’EV MAGHEN
3 An economic perspective on radical Islam 44
ARYE L. HILLMAN
PART II
The Islamist challenge: case studies 71
4 The rise of jihaditrends in Saudi Arabia: the post
Iraq–Kuwaitwar phase 73
JOSEPH KOSTINER
5 Islamic radicalism and terrorism in the European
Union:theMaghrebi factor 93
MICHAEL M. LASKIER
vi Contents
6 Explaining the causes of radical Islam in Europe 121
JONATHAN S. PARIS
7 The evolution of Iranian interventionism: support for
radicalIslam in Turkey, 1982–2003 134
PATRICK JAMES AND YASEMIN AKBABA
8 The Islamic dimension of Pakistan’s foreign policy 153
RUSHDA SIDDIQUI
PART III
Responding to the Islamist challenge 169
9 The potential dangers of a “real” jihad 171
MAX SINGER
10 Deterring those who are already dead? 180
LAURENT MURAWIEC
11 Fighting terrorism with democracy? 188
DANIEL BYMAN
12 Counter-terrorist strategies 204
JONATHAN STEVENSON
Index 220
Illustrations
Figures
3.1 Growth and convergence 50
7.1 The evolution of Iranian interventionalism from 1982 to 2003 142
7.2 Composite Index of National Capability (CINC) scores of Iran
andTurkeyfrom 1980 to 2001 147
Tables
3.1 Reference countries 47
3.2 Arab oil states 48
3.3 Arab non-oil, non-Muslim Mediterranean countries, secular
Muslim 48
3.4 South Asia 49
3.5 Selected development indicators, selected countries 52
3.6 Development indicators and income, average for country
groups, 2003 53
Contributors
Yasemin Akbaba is Assistant Professor at Gettysburg College and is Officer-at-
large in Foreign Policy Analysis for the International Studies Association,
2006–2008. She teaches courses on International Relations, War and Ethnic
Conflict. Her research focuses on mobilization of ethnic and religious groups
as well as international conflict. She is a native of Istanbul, Turkey. She
received her Ph.D. from the University of Missouri-Columbia in August
2006.
Daniel Byman is Associate Professor and Director of the Security Studies
Program and the Center for Peace and Security Studies at Georgetown Uni-
versity’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He holds a joint
appointment with the Georgetown Department of Government, and he is also
a Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings
Institution. Dr. Byman has served as a Professional Staff Member with both
the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (“The
9-11 Commission”) and the Joint 9/11 Inquiry Staff of the House and Senate
Intelligence Committees. He has also worked as the Research Director of the
Center for Middle East Public Policy at the RAND Corporation and as an
analyst of the Middle East for the US intelligence community. Dr. Byman has
written widely on a range of topics related to terrorism, international security,
and the Middle East. His latest books are TheFive Front War: A Better Way
to Fight Global Jihad (Wiley, 2007); Things Fall Apart: Containing the
Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War (Brookings, 2007; co-authored with
Kenneth Pollack); and Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism
(Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Hillel Frischis a Senior Researcher at the Begin-Sadat (BESA) Center for Stra-
tegic Studies specializing in Middle East politics and Senior Lecturer in the
Departments of Political Studies and Middle East History at Bar-Ilan Univer-
sity. His publications include “The Role of Religion in the Armies of Egypt,
Syria and Jordan,” Orient (2002) and “Nationalizing a Universal Text: The
Qur(cid:2)an in Arafat’s Rhetoric,” Middle Eastern Studies(2005). He received his
Ph.D. in Political Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Contributors ix
Arye L. Hillman is a Senior Research Associate at the Begin-Sadat (BESA)
Center for Strategic Studies and Professor of Economics at Bar-Ilan Univer-
sity where he holds the William Gittes Chair. His research focuses on polit-
ical economy and public policy. He has also taught at Princeton and UCLA.
He is an editor of the European Journal of Political Economy published by
Elsevier and a former President of the European Public Choice Society. In
1995, he was awarded the Max-Planck Prize in Economics for contributions
to political economy. He is the author of Public Finance and Public Policy:
Responsibilities and Limitations of Government (Cambridge University
Press, 2003, 2nd printing 2006, translations in Chinese, Japanese) and The
Political Economy of Protection (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1989;
reprinted in 2001 by Routledge). He received his Ph.D. in Economics from
the University of Pennsylvania.
Efraim Inbar is Director of the Begin-Sadat (BESA) Center for Strategic Studies
and Professor in Political Studies at Bar-Ilan University. His area of special-
ization is Middle Eastern strategic issues with a special interest in the politics
and strategy of Israeli national security. He has written over 50 articles in profes-
sional journals. He has authored four books: Outcast Countries in the World
Community(University of Denver Press, 1985), War and Peace in Israeli Poli-
tics: Labor Party Positions on National Security(Lynne Rienner, 1991), Yitzhak
Rabin and Israel’s National Security(Wilson Center and Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity Press, 1999), and The Israeli–Turkish Entente (London: King’s College
Mediterranean Program, 2001), and has edited seven collections of articles. He
received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago.
Patrick James is Professor of International Relations at the University of
Southern California. He is also a Distinguished Scholar in Foreign Policy
Analysis for the International Studies Association (2006–2007), President
(2007–2009) of the Association for Canadian Studies in the US, and Vice-
President (2008–2009) of the ISA. He is the author of twelve books and over
a hundred articles and book chapters. He received his Ph.D. in Government
and Politics from the University of Maryland.
Joseph Kostiner is a Senior Research Fellow at the Moshe Dayan Center for
Middle Eastern and African Studies and Associate Professor in the Depart-
ment of Middle Eastern and African History at Tel Aviv University. He spe-
cializes in the history and current affairs of the Arabian Peninsula states,
social history of the Middle East, and state- and nation-building in the Middle
East. He is the author of several books including From Chieftaincy to Monar-
chical State: The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936(1993) and Yemen: The
Tortuous Quest for Unity, 1990–1994(1996). He is the editor of Middle East
Monarchies (2000). He received his Ph.D. from the London School of Eco-
nomics and Political Science.
Michael M. Laskier is Professor of Middle Eastern History and Director of the
Menachem Begin Center for Underground & Resistance Movements at
Description:Radical Islam poses a political challenge in the modern world which is like that of no other radical religious movement. Ideologically, it is perceived by Western policy makers as threatening the liberal-democratic ideology by which most states in the West abide and which most other states rhetorica
