Table Of ContentRadiation Physics for Nuclear Medicine
Marie Claire Cantone (cid:129) Christoph Hoeschen
Editors
Radiation Physics
for Nuclear Medicine
1 3
Editors
Prof.Dr.MarieClaireCantone Prof.Dr.ChristophHoeschen
UniversitàdegliStudidiMilano HelmholtzZentrumMünchen
Dept.ofPhysics DeutschesForschungszentrum
ViaCeloria fürGesundheitundUmwelt(GmbH)
20133Milano IngolstädterLandstr.1
Italy 85764Neuherberg
[email protected] Germany
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-11326-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-11327-7
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-11327-7
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011921696
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright. Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermitted onlyundertheprovisions oftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,
1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare
liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,
evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws
andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and
application contained in this book. Inevery individual case the user must check such information by
consultingtherelevantliterature.
Coverdesign:eStudioCalamar,Figueres/Berlin
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
In Memory of Niky Molho (1938–1993)
The training course held in Milan on November 2008 on Radiation Physics in
Nuclear Medicine, on which basis this book is conceived,was dedicatedto mem-
oryofNikyMolho,ontheoccasionofthefifteenthanniversaryofhisdeath.Niky
Molho was Professor of Medical Physics at the Universita` degli Studi di Milano
(State Universityof Milan),Faculty of Medicine,and leader of the Research Unit
onMedicalPhysicsattheDepartmentofPhysicsofthesameUniversity.
ItwasFebruary21,1993whenasuddendeathtookNikyawayfromhisdedicated
andpassionateteachingandresearchactivitiesattheageof55.
AfterreceivingtheUniversitydegreeinPhysicsin1962,hestartedtodirecthis
researchinterestsinthefieldofexperimentalnuclearphysics,withparticularatten-
tionforstudiesconcerningreactionmechanisms,modelsofinterpretation,gamma
spectroscopyand instrumentation.From 1970 when he started to teach physicsto
the medicalstudents of the Faculty of Medicine in Milan, he started also to focus
his research activity toward the medical field, by making full use of his accumu-
lated experiences and knowledge in nuclear physics. He started the development
of a new methodology,based on nuclear activation by mean of proton beams for
the quantitative analysis of trace elements in biological samples. Such methodol-
ogywasusedwithgreatsuccessforthedeterminationofoligo-elementsinhuman
blood. On these premises he started a very close cooperationwith the Institute of
BiophysicalRadiationResearchoftheGSFin FrankfurtamMain,Germany.This
collaboration has been kept alive by his former students and collaborators until
thesedays,althoughtheGermancounterparthasnowchangeditsname(Helmholtz
ZentrumMu¨nchen,GermanResearchCenterforEnvironmentalHealth,Department
ofRadiationSciences)andlocation(Munich).
Also as a result of this cooperation, he then oriented his efforts to the inves-
tigation of the metabolism of oligo-elements by using stable isotopes as tracers,
opening a new field of research of fundamental importance for potential appli-
cations in various medical fields, including radiation protection. The result of the
biokineticstudies that were initiated by Niky more than 25 years ago are actually
currentlyemployedforthevalidationandtherevisionofthebiokineticmodelsfor
selectedradionuclidespresentedbytheInternationalCommissiononRadiological
Protection,ICRP.
v
vi InMemoryofNikyMolho(1938–1993)
Beyondhisscientific contributions,Nikyhastoberememberedasapassionate
teacherattheFacultyofMedicineinMilan,wherehebecamefullprofessorin1987.
Overtheyearshealsosupervisedasignificantnumberofdiplomathesesinphysics
andmasterthesesinmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofMilanwithdedicationand
contagiousenthusiasm.
In parallel with his research and teaching activities, he dedicated a great deal
of time and effortsto the promotionof the Medical Physics at all levels, since he
wasreallyconvincedoftheimportanceofthisinterdisciplinarybranchofPhysics.
HehasbeenactivelyinvolvedinthemostimportantinitiativesinthisfieldinItaly
andinEurope.Anexampleofthisactivityistheorganizationofthefirstcourseof
EFOMP AdvancedSchoolof MedicalPhysics in Como, Italy, May 1992,dealing
with ‘Metabolism Studies using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Positron
EmissionTomography’,withparticipantsandstudentsfromalloverEurope.
Ascolleaguesandstudentsofthosedays,nowactiveinvariouspositionsinItaly
andinEurope,we allrememberverywellhowNikywasconstantlyavailableand
attentivetoourconcerns,questionsandneeds.Inparticular,hewasabletoestablish
anopenminddialoguewithyoungstudentsinphysics,evenondifficultandcontro-
versialmatters,asonly,anenthusiasticandpassionateteachercando.Manyofus
willalwayslookrespectfullyathisrigorhimasaprecious“secondfather”.
MarieClaireCantone
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 TheRoleofRadiationPhysicsinNuclearMedicine...................... 3
MarieClaireCantoneandChristophHoeschen
2 TheMolecularImagingPathwaytoBiomedicalPhysics................. 7
FridtjofNu¨sslin
PartII FundamentalProcessesonRadiationPhysics
3 Mechanisms of the Interactions Between Radiation
andMatter..................................................................... 15
GiuseppeBattistoni
4 PrinciplesofMonteCarloCalculationsandCodes....................... 35
AlbertoFasso`,AlfredoFerrari,andPaolaR.Sala
PartIII RadiationSourcesandRadiopharmaceuticalProductions
5 Sealed Radionuclide and X-RaySources in Nuclear
Medicine....................................................................... 61
So¨renMattssonandArneSkretting
6 RadiopharmaceuticalProduction........................................... 71
UweHolzwarth
7 ResearchandDevelopmentofNewRadiopharmaceuticals..............105
GerhardHoll
PartIV RadiationDetectorsforMedicalApplications
8 Basic Principles of Detection of Ionizing Radiation
UsedinMedicalImaging ....................................................141
AndrejStudenandMarkoMikuzˇ
vii
viii Contents
9 ScintillatorsandSemiconductorDetectors................................161
IvanVeronese
10 NewTrendsinDetectorsforMedicalImaging............................175
GabrielaLlosa´andCarlosLacasta
PartV NewFrontiersinNuclearMedicine
11 ThePETMagnifierProbe...................................................195
CarlosLacasta,NealH.Clinthorne,andGabrielaLlosa´
12 AlgorithmsforImageReconstruction......................................211
Christoph Hoeschen, Magdalena Rafecas,
andTimoAspelmeier
13 BiokineticModelsforRadiopharmaceuticals.............................233
AugustoGiussaniandHelenaUusija¨rvi
14 VoxelPhantomsforInternalDosimetry ...................................257
Maria Zankl, Helmut Schlattl, Nina Petoussi-Henss,
andChristophHoeschen
Index.................................................................................281
