Table Of ContentAn Advanced Course in Nuclear Engineering
Hisaaki Kudo Editor
Radiation
Applications
An Advanced Course in Nuclear Engineering
Volume 7
Serieseditors
YoshiakiOka,Tokyo,Japan
HarukiMadarame,Tokyo,Japan
MitsuruUesaka,Tokyo,Japan
Thisnuclearengineeringtextbookseriesaimstoserveasglobaleducationstandard
for all universities that have a department of nuclear engineering and all research
laboratoriesandcompaniesrelatedtonuclearengineering.
As global warming issues are strongly being advocated, nuclear power is
examinedagainasalow-carbonandecology-friendlyenergysource.Furthermore
theaccidentatTEPCOFukushimaDaiichiNuclearPowerPlantonMarch11,2011,
has intensified the attention to nuclear engineering. Industrial countries with
nuclear power are not confined to domestic sales but are working toward global
sales strategies of nuclear power plants, involving many nations. Against such a
background, while nuclear power industry develops globally, the required human
resources education should keep up. However, no English textbook with the
potentialtobecometheglobalstandardhasbeenpublishedsofar,althoughawaited
for a long time. Recognizing the demand, Japanese nuclear power specialists
concentrated their expertise and a Japanese nuclear engineering textbook series
waspublishedunderthecooperationoftheUniversityofTokyo,theJapanAtomic
Energy Agencyand other organizationsrelatedtonuclear engineering. Theneeds
ofsuchcomprehensivetextbooksaregrowingremarkablyaftertheaccident.Japan
has steadily advanced the research and development of all fields of nuclear engi-
neering. This is reflected in the broad coverage of the series, which includes not
only nuclear reactors, but also the nuclear fuel cycle, radiation use, maintenance,
etc..ThisEnglishversionoftheJapaneseseriesservesdomesticaswellasforeign
institutions. Although the Japanese version of the series was published before the
accident, readers will find the in-depth coverage of diverse topics in nuclear
engineeringstillrelevant.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/10746
Hisaaki Kudo
Editor
Radiation Applications
Editor
HisaakiKudo
TheUniversityofTokyo
Tokai,Ibaraki,Japan
Original Japanese edition, Genshiryoku Kyokasho: Houshasen Riyou, edited by Hisaaki
KudoCopyright © 2011 Published by Ohmsha, Ltd. 3-1 Kanda Nishikicho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo,Japan
ISSN2195-3708 ISSN2195-3716 (electronic)
AnAdvancedCourseinNuclearEngineering
ISBN978-981-10-7349-6 ISBN978-981-10-7350-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7350-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017963644
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Preface
To use radiation “intentionally” for something may not be considered desirable,
particularlytakingintoaccountthefeelingsofJapanesepeopleinthisregard.For
example,forsomecommercialproductsthatuseradiationduringtheirmanufactur-
ingprocess,producerstendnottoadvertisethisfact.However,inreality,radiation
isextensivelyutilizedinmanydiversefieldssuchasindustry,conservationofthe
environment,agriculture,andmedicine.
Thisbookaddressespartofthedevelopingadvancedsubjectsthatmakeupthe
nuclearengineeringtextbookseries.
In the first part of the book, which is built on the fact that most radiation
applicationisbasedontheacademicphilosophyofradiationchemistry,thefunda-
mentals of radiation chemistry are described. There are other subjects related to
radiation in this series, but they are focused on radiation safety, protection, mea-
surements,andshielding,andnotmuchhasbeenwrittenaboutradiationchemistry.
Thisbookthereforeaddressesthisgap.However,abookshouldprovideanoverall
view,andthusthefundamentalsofradiationalsoneedtobedescribedtoalimited
extent.Therefore,whiletheremaybesomeoverlapwithothertextbooks,theeditor
andauthorshopethatreadersrecognizethattheoverlapisimportantandnecessary.
The latter half of this textbook is very application-oriented. As the content
shows, radiation application has long depended on the contribution of the Japan
Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Quantum Beam Directorate (formerly Takasaki
Radiation Chemistry Research Establishment (TRCRE), Japan Atomic Energy
ResearchInstitute(JAERI)),whichhasbeenreorganizedastheNationalInstitutes
for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST). Experts from the
JAEA (QST) provide the state-of-the-art in their specific field. The evolution of
JAERI (TRCRE) – JAEA, is also described, from the institution of radiation
polymerchemistryfromsemi-conductors,toconservationoftheenvironmentand
productionofinorganicmaterialsandbiotechnology.
References are listed at the end of each chapter. This reflects the recent rise in
publications that introduce radiation application to the public. This is a welcome
development, and although this book takes a similar direction, its structure as a
v
vi Preface
textbookismaintained.Comparedwithotherbooksinthisseries,theintroduction
of current research activities is often described, and readers will understand the
necessityofthisduetothenatureofsuchanadvancedsubject.Simultaneously,the
introduction of current research activities means that this research is at a cross-
sectionatthemoment,onthepathofprogress,whichisongoing.
Inthelatterhalfofthebook,inparticularthechaptersonbiological,agricultural,
and medical fields, many illustrations, graphics, and photographs are provided.
Some of these were provided in color, but in the main text, illustrations and
photographsarepublishedinblackandwhiteforreaders’convenience.
This book targets senior undergraduates, students of professional schools, and
those doing masters’ courses, as well as young researchers and engineers of
research organizations. If this book can be of help in implementing radiation
application, which is sometimes compared to another wing or another wheel, it
wouldbetoour,theeditorandauthors,greatpleasure.
Finally,ittookanunexpectedlylongtimetocompletethisbook,frominception
topublication,andtheeditorandauthorsaremostgratefulandappreciativeofthe
generous encouragements from the University of Tokyo, JAEA, and others. Also,
theeditorwouldliketothankandacknowledgehisrespectforalltheauthorswho
wereinvolvedinthecreationofthisbook.
Tokai,Ibaraki,Japan HisaakiKudo
January,2011
Contents
1 Radiation:TypesandSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
2 InteractionsBetweenRadiationandMatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
3 Dosimetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
4 RadicalsandESR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
5 PulseRadiolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
6 RadiationChemistryofAqueousSolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
7 NuclearEngineeringandEffectsofRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
8 RadiationProcessingofPolymersandItsApplications. . . . . . . . . 63
MasaoTamada
9 RadiationResistanceofSemiconductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
TakeshiOhshimaandShinobuOnodaa
10 UtilizationofIonizingRadiationinEnvironmentalPurification. . . 117
TakujiKojima
11 ProductionofInorganicMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
MasakiSugimoto
vii
viii Contents
12 IonBeamAnalysisofMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
ShunyaYamamoto
13 IonBeam-InducedMutationinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
AtsushiTanaka
14 ExperimentsofLocalIrradiationofCellswithHeavyIon
Microbeams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
YasuhikoKobayashi
15 FoodIrradiation:Radiation-BasedSterilization,
Insecticidal,andInhibitionofSproutingTechnologies
forFoodsandAgriculturalProduce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
YasuhikoKobayashi
16 Radiation-BasedPlantDiagnostics:Positron
Imaging-BasedStudiesofPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
ShinpeiMatsuhashi
17 MedicalUtilizationofRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
ShinpeiMatsuhashiandNorikoS.Ishioka
AnswerstoExercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Chapter 1
Radiation: Types and Sources
YosukeKatsumuraandHisaakiKudo
1.1 Definitions of Radiation
You may find the definition of radiation to be somewhat more complicated than
expected. According to one definition, visible light and infrared rays can be
describedasradiationbecausetheyareenergyfluxes,butthismayseemsurprising.
Radiation is also described as causing ionization in a medium, so it is frequently
called “ionizing radiation.” Scientifically, radiation is assumed to be a flux of
energy traversing space or a medium. Japanese regulations define radiation as
electromagnetic waves or corpuscular beams that can ionize air directly or indi-
rectly. By this definition, visible rays and infrared rays are not classified as
radiation, even though they are energy fluxes. They are sometimes called non-
ionizingradiation.Therefore,radiationis,inabroadsense,anenergyfluxtravers-
ing space or a medium and, in a narrow sense, an energy flux that can ionize
materials. Many terms such as “quantum beam,” “energy beam,” and “quantum
energy beam” were introduced recently; they have almost the same meaning as
“radiation.”
For details, refer to books such as “Radiation Safety” and “Nucleus and Radi-
ationMeasurements”inthistextbookseries.
Y.Katsumura·H.Kudo(*)
TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokai,Ibaraki,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
©TheAuthor(s)2018 1
H.Kudo(ed.),RadiationApplications,AnAdvancedCourseinNuclear
Engineering7,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7350-2_1
