Radar Remote Sensing: Applications and Challenges

482 Pages·2022·12.259 MB·English

by  Prashant K. Srivastava, Dileep Kumar Gupta, Tanvir Islam, Dawei Han, Rajendra Prasad

RADAR REMOTE
SENSING
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Earth Observation
RADAR REMOTE
SENSING
Applications and Challenges
Editedby
PRASHANTK.SRIVASTAVA
Remote SensingLaboratory, Institute of Environment and
Sustainable Development, BanarasHinduUniversity, India
DILEEPKUMARGUPTA
Remote SensingLaboratory, Institute of Environment and
Sustainable Development, BanarasHinduUniversity, India
TANVIRISLAM
NASAJetPropulsionLaboratory,Pasadena,California,UnitedStates
DAWEIHAN
Professor of Hydroinformatics, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Bristol, UnitedKingdom
RAJENDRAPRASAD
Professor, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology
(Banaras HinduUniversity), Varanasi, India
Elsevier
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Foreword xix
SECTION 1 Basis of radar remote sensing 1
1. Introduction to RADAR remote sensing 3
DileepKumarGupta,ShivenduPrashar,SartajvirSingh,PrashantK.Srivastavaand
RajendraPrasad
1. BriefhistoryofRADARremotesensing 3
2. OpticalversusRADARremotesensing 4
3. FundamentalsofRADAR 6
4. TypesofRADAR 11
5. OperationalfrequenciesofRADAR 14
6. Backscattermechanisms 16
7. Radarimagecharacteristics 20
8. Applicationofmicrowave-basedremotesensing 21
References 24
2. Microwave components anddevices for RADAR systems 29
VikramKumarandDileepKumarGupta
1. Introduction 29
2. Transmissionline 30
3. Antennas 34
4. Microwavefilters 37
5. Absorbers 38
6. Microwavesources 40
7. Modeconverter 42
8. Networkanalyzer 44
9. Someotherimportantmicrowavecomponents 45
10. Summary 46
References 46
v
vi Contents
3. Theory of monostatic andbistatic radar systems 49
SurajA.Yadav,DileepKumarGupta,RajendraPrasad,JyotiSharmaand
PrashantK.Srivastava
1. Introduction 49
2. Bistaticandmonostaticradarsystemconfiguration 50
3. Radarequation 51
4. Radarcross-sectionperunitarea/scatteringcoefficientsystemandmeasurement
concepts 53
5. Measurementprocedures 57
6. Procedureofbistaticspecularscatterometermeasurementanditscalibrationover
naturalterrain 58
7. Summary 62
References 62
4. Review of microwave fundamentals andits applications 65
ShivenduPrashar,UmeshKumarTiwariandSartajvirSingh
1. Introduction 65
2. Theoryofradiativetransfer 67
3. Electromagneticinteractionwithdiscreteobjects 70
4. Interactionwithinhomogeneousmedia 76
5. Interactionwithasmoothsurface 77
6. Interactionwithroughsurfaces 80
7. Microwaveinteractionwithnaturalsurfaces 81
8. Summary 86
Funding 87
References 87
SECTION 2 Conventional methods for radar remote sensing 91
5. Comparative flood area analysis based on changedetection and
binarization methodsusing Sentinel-1synthetic aperture radar data 93
BikashRanjanParida,ArvindChandraPandey,SouravKumarand
GauravTripathi
1. Introduction 93
2. Studyarea 96
3. Materialsandmethods 97
4. Results 99
5. Discussion 101
6. Conclusions 104
Contents vii
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
6. Subsurface featureidentification using L Band Synthetic Aperture
Radar (SAR) dataover Jaisalmer, India 109
Monika,HimanshuGovilandShashiKumar
1. Introduction 109
2. Studyarea 110
3. Dataused 112
4. Methodology 114
5. Result 117
6. Conclusion 119
Acknowledgments 120
Authorcontributions 120
References 120
7. Terrestrial waterbudget through radar remote sensing 123
J.Indu,AkhileshS.Nair,AnkitaPradhan,RohitMangla,SoorajKrishnan,
KaushlendraVermaandVinayakHuggannavar
1. Introduction 123
2. Precipitationfromradarremotesensing 125
3. Soilmoisturefromradarremotesensing 129
4. Waterlevelsfromradaraltimetry 138
5. Summaryandconclusions 139
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
Furtherreading 148
8. Applicationofsynthetic aperture radar remote sensingin forestry 149
ArjunG.Koppad,SyedaSarfinandAnupKumarDas
1. Introduction 149
2. Polarimetricmatrixgeneration 156
3. Polarimetricspecklefiltering 156
4. Orientationanglecorrection 156
5. Polarimetricdecomposition 157
6. Terraincorrection 159
7. Polarimetricclassification 160
8. Summaryandfinalremarks 172
References 173
Furtherreading 174
viii Contents
9. Classification of Radar data usingBayesianoptimized two-dimensional
Convolutional Neural Network 175
AchalaShakya,MantoshBiswasandMaheshPal
1. Introduction 175
2. Background 176
3. Datasetandgrounddatacollection 179
4. Datasetpreparationforclassification 179
5. Methodology 181
6. Resultsanddiscussion 182
7. Conclusion 184
Acknowledgment 184
References 185
10. Modeling andsimulation ofsynthetic aperture radar dataset for
retrieval of soil surfaceparameters 187
SayyadShafiyoddinandAjitKumar
1. Introduction 187
2. Studyareaandcollectionoffielddata 189
3. Collectionandprocessingofsatellitedata 190
4. Soilmoisturemodeling 193
5. Resultsanddiscussion 196
6. Conclusion 199
References 200
11. Flood inundationmapping from synthetic apertureradarandoptical
datausingsupport vector machine: a casestudy from Kopili River basin
duringCycloneAmphan 203
PrasadBalasahebWale,ThotaSivasankar,VarunNarayanMishraandRatnaSanyal
1. Introduction 203
2. Studyarea 206
3. Materialandmethods 207
4. Resultanddiscussion 210
5. Conclusion 216
References 216
12. Performanceassessment of phased array type L-band SyntheticAperture
Radar and Landsat-8usedin image classification 219
SwatiSuman,PrashantK.Srivastava,GeorgeP.Petropoulos,RamAvtar,
RajendraPrasad,SudhirKumarSingh,S.K.Mustak,IoannisN.Faraslisand
DileepKumarGupta
1. Introduction 219
Contents ix
2. Datasets 221
3. Methodology 224
4. Resultsanddiscussion 229
5. Conclusionsandfuturework 239
Acknowledgments 241
References 241
13. Evaluationof specklefiltering methods usingpolarimetric Sentinel-1A data 245
VarunNarayanMishraandThotaSivasankar
1. Introduction 245
2. Studysiteanddataused 246
3. Methodology 248
4. Resultsanddiscussion 249
5. Conclusion 253
Acknowledgment 253
References 254
SECTION 3 Advanced methods for radar remote sensing 257
14. Emerging techniques of polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture
radar for scattering-based characterization 259
BhanuPrakashandShashiKumar
1. Introduction 259
2. Syntheticapertureradarpolarimetry 261
3. Polarimetricdecomposition 263
4. Polarizationorientationangle 269
5. Probabilitydistributions 270
6. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometry 271
7. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometrycoherence-baseddecomposition 274
8. Polarimetricsyntheticapertureradarinterferometrydecorrelation-baseddecomposition
model 277
Acknowledgment 284
References 284
15. Advanced method for radar remotesensing: circularly polarized
synthetic apertureradar 287
JosaphatTetukoSriSumantyo
1. Introduction 287
2. Circularlypolarizedscatteringforremotesensing 289
3. Specificationofcircularpolarizedsyntheticapertureradarformicrosatellite 295