Table Of ContentShoichiro Fukao
Kyosuke Hamazu
Consulted by Richard J. Doviak
Radar for
Meteorological
and Atmospheric
Observations
Radar for Meteorological and Atmospheric
Observations
Shoichiro Fukao • Kyosuke Hamazu
Radar for Meteorological and
Atmospheric Observations
Consulted by Richard J. Doviak
123
ShoichiroFukao KyosukeHamazu
ProfessorEmeritus MitsubishiElectricCorporationand
KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Japan MitsubishiElectricTokkiSystems
Corporation
Iga,Japan
ConsultedBy:
RichardJ.Doviak
NationalSevereStormsLaboratory,NOAA
AffiliatedProfessor
TheSchoolofMeteorologyand
theDepartmentofElectrical
andComputerEngineering
TheUniversityofOklahoma
ISBN978-4-431-54333-6 ISBN978-4-431-54334-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54334-3
SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Foreword
Duringthepastseveraldecadesanappreciableamountofresearchanddevelopment
hasbeenfocusedontheuseofremotesensingtechniquestobetterourunderstand-
ingof weatherandthe atmosphere.Radar hasthe obviousadvantageofproviding
observationswith temporaland/orspatialcontinuitywhichis leadingto improved
forecastsofweather.
ObservationsandinterpretationofDopplerandpolarimetricweatherradardata,
combined with in situ observations, have led to giant leaps in our understanding
ofthedynamicsandmicrophysicsofweathersystems.Complementarytoweather
radarobservationsarethoseobtainedwithtypicallylongerwavelengthradars(i.e.,
wavelengthsfrom meters to centimeters versus centimetersto millimeters used to
observeprecipitationandclouds),observingtheprecipitation-freeatmosphere.The
echoing mechanism at these longer wavelengths is typically Bragg scatter from
refractiveindexperturbationscausedbyturbulentmixing,orreflectionfromsharp
gradients in refractive index. These long-wavelength and super-powerful radars,
referredtoasatmosphericradars,havemappedtheverticalstructureofreflectivity
and radial winds in the clear atmosphere from below a kilometer to well above
100km, whereas meteorological radars map the reflectivity and radial velocities
of precipitation and cloud particles on horizontal surfaces at various heights in
the troposphere. Weather and cloud radar research has attracted the attention of
meteorologists whereas atmospheric radar research has primarily attracted the
attentionofatmosphericphysicists.
The authors have done a remarkable job of combing the results of research in
these two disciplines to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the
outstandingobservationsthat have been made with radar used as a remote sensor
of weather and atmospheric phenomena. This book has a generous amount of
figures that display many of the remote sensing facilities to give the reader a
quick appreciation for the variety of atmospheric and meteorological radar types
aroundthe world, many of which are unique and interesting. Furthermore,liberal
reference to publications provides readers a vast reservoir for further pursuit of
their preferred topics of interest. In addition this book presents the fundamentals
of remote sensing so that students and professors, with a minimal background in
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vi Foreword
physicsandelectromagnetictheory,andengineersinthefieldcanbetterunderstand
thepotentialandlimitationsofradarinobservingweatherandtheatmospherewhile
learningaboutthevariousinstrumentsandtechniquesusedinremotesensing.The
authorsplantomaintainaWebsitewherecommentsfromreaderscanbeaddressed
and where supplementsto the book can be found;this will help to keep the book
currentandup-to-date.
Norman,OK RichardJ.Doviak
Preface
With the application of radar to observations of the atmosphere, various weather
phenomena and winds in the clear atmosphere can be monitored and mapped
in real time. Great progress in understanding weather and the dynamics of the
atmospherehasbeenmadeusingradar,whichbringsnewobservationaldiscoveries
andpromotesfurtherunderstandingofourenvironment.
Remotesensingwithradarhasbeendevelopedintheinterdisciplinarydomains
ofphysicalscienceandengineering.Inthepast,advancesinweatherandtheatmo-
sphericscienceshavedevelopedindependentlybecausetherespectiveengineering
effortsandscientificstudieswereconductedwithinrelativelyseparatecommunities.
However,thescientificandtechnicalbasesforatmosphericobservationswithradar
canbetreatedincommon.Weworkedinacademia(Fukao)andindustry(Hamazu)
andhavecollaboratedtodevelopvarioustypesofweatherandatmosphericradars.
Routinediscussionwithourcolleaguesconvincedusthatunderstandingofweather
andatmosphericradarscanbedeepenediftheyaredescribedcomprehensivelyand
systematicallyinonevolumeusingcommonapproacheswheneverpossible.
This book is written for scientists, engineers, students, and other interested
meteorologicaland atmospheric personnel. In this book, we try to bridge the gap
in our understandingof weather and atmosphericradar. The book consists of two
parts.Thefirsthalf,Chaps.1–7,mainlydiscussesthetheoreticalbasesofweather
andatmosphericradar,andthelasthalf,Chaps.8–12,describesactualsystemsand
observations with these radars. This interdisciplinary book was first published in
JapanesebytheKyotoUniversityPressin2005.IntheEnglishversion,allchapters
includingthose dealingwith recentdevelopmentscontainmore in-depthcoverage
thandoestheoriginal.
Kyoto,Japan ShoichiroFukao
Iga,Japan KyosukeHamazu
vii
Acknowledgements
We are indebtedto manypeoplein bringingthisbookto publicationin thisform.
Firstandforemost,wewishtoexpressourdeepestgratitudetoDr.RichardJ.Doviak
oftheNationalSevereStormsLaboratoryoftheNationalOceanicandAtmospheric
Administration(NOAA)andtheUniversityofOklahomawhohaslongbeenaclose
friend of one of the authors (Fukao) and has been looked upon as mentor for the
other (Hamazu). All chapters have been reviewed and edited by him. We were
able to complete the work because of his continuous suggestions and stimulating
encouragement.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to our colleagues, Drs. Toru
Sato, Toshitaka Tsuda, Mamoru Yamamoto, and Hiroyuki Hashiguchi of Kyoto
University;Dr.TakujiNakamuraoftheNationalInstituteofPolarResearch,Japan;
Dr. Manabu D. Yamanaka of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology(JAMSTEC)andKobeUniversity;andDrs.HiroakiMiyasita,Atsushi
Okamura,ToshioWakayama,andShojiMatsudaofMitsubishiElectricCorporation
for various suggestions through discussions. Many of them provided us with the
original figures that are included in the book. It is a great pleasure for us to
acknowledge the valuable advice and suggestions of Emeritus Professor Hisanao
OguraofKyotoUniversity;Dr.HubertLuceoftheUniversite´ deToulonetduVar;
Drs.YasushiFujiyoshiandTakeshiHorinouchiofHokkaidoUniversity;Dr.Toshio
Iguchi of the National Institute of Information and Communication Technology
(NICT), Japan; Dr. Hiroshi Uyeda of Nagoya University; Dr. Masahiro Ishihara
of Kyoto University; Dr. Masayuki Maki of Kagoshima University; Dr. Koyuru
IwanamioftheNationalResearchInstituteforEarthScienceandDisasterPrevision
(NIED),Japan;andDrs.AhoroAdachiandHiroshiYamauchioftheMeteorological
ResearchInstitute,JapanMeteorologicalAgency.Wewouldliketoexpressourspe-
cialthankstoDr.YoshiakiShibagakiofOsakaElectro-CommunicationUniversity;
SeijiKawamuraoftheNICT;Drs.MasayukiYamamoto,TomohikoMitani,Junichi
Furumoto, and Tatsuhiro Yokoyama of Kyoto University; and Drs. Nobukyuki
KawanoandAkihisaUematsuoftheJapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA).
In writing this book, we received warm encouragementfrom emeritus professors
SusumuKatoandIsamuHirotaofKyotoUniversity.
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