Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century

636 Pages·2014·12.14 MB·English

by  Francisco Bethencourt

RACISMS
RACISMS
FROM THE CRUSADES TO THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
FRANCISCO BETHENCOURT
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD
Copyright © 2013 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
OX20 1TW
press.princeton.edu
Jacket illustration: Abraham Ortelius (Oertel) (1527–1598). Title page of the “Theatrum Orbis
Terrarum.” Map from: Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis terrarum, Antwerp, 1570.
Kartenabteilung. Courtesy of bpk, Berlin Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Stiftung Preussischer
Kulturbesitz, Berlin, Germany Art Resource, NY
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bethencourt, Francisco.
Racisms : from the Crusades to the Twentieth Century / Francisco Bethencourt.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-691-15526-5 (hardcover) 1. Racism—History. 2. Race relations—History. 3. Race.
I. Title.
HT1521.B474 2013
305.8009—dc23
2013019883
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in
Minion Pro and Dante Printed on acid-free paper. ∞
Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
FOR ULINKA
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations ix
List of Maps xii
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1
PART I THE CRUSADES 11
Chapter 1 From Greek to Muslim Perceptions 13
Chapter 2 Christian Reconquest 19
Chapter 3 Universalism: Integration and Classification 37
Chapter 4 Typologies of Humankind and Models of Discrimination 48
PART II OCEANIC EXPLORATION 63
Chapter 5 Hierarchies of Continents and Peoples 65
Chapter 6 Africans 83
Chapter 7 Americans 101
Chapter 8 Asians 117
Chapter 9 Europeans 137
PART III COLONIAL SOCIETIES 159
Chapter 10 Ethnic Classification 163
Chapter 11 Ethnic Structure 181
Chapter 12 Projects and Policies 204
Chapter 13 Discrimination and Segregation 216
Chapter 14 Abolitionism 228
PART IV THE THEORIES OF RACE 247
Chapter 15 Classifications of Humans 252
Chapter 16 Scientific Racialism 271
Chapter 17 Darwin and Social Evolution 290
PART V NATIONALISM AND BEYOND 307
Chapter 18 The Impact of Nationalism 309
Chapter 19 Global Comparisons 335
Conclusions 365
Notes 375
Index 423