Table Of ContentIus Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice 60
María Elósegui
Cristina Hermida E ditors
Racial Justice,
Policies and
Courts' Legal
Reasoning in
Europe
Ius Gentium: Comparative
Perspectives on Law and Justice
Volume 60
Series editors
Mortimer Sellers, University of Baltimore
James Maxeiner, University of Baltimore
Board of Editors
Myroslava Antonovych, Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
Nadia de Araújo, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Jasna Bakšic-Muftic, University of Sarajevo
David L. Carey Miller, University of Aberdeen
Loussia P. Musse Félix, University of Brasilia
Emanuel Gross, University of Haifa
James E. Hickey Jr., Hofstra University
Jan Klabbers, University of Helsinki
Cláudia Lima Marques, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
Aniceto Masferrer, University of Valencia
Eric Millard, West Paris University
Gabriël A. Moens, Curtin University
Raul C. Pangalangan, University of the Philippines
Ricardo Leite Pinto, Lusíada University of Lisbon
Mizanur Rahman, University of Dhaka
Keita Sato, Chuo University
Poonam Saxena, University of Delhi
Gerry Simpson, London School of Economics
Eduard Somers, University of Ghent
Xinqiang Sun, Shandong University
Tadeusz Tomaszewski, Warsaw University
Jaap de Zwaan, Erasmus University Rotterdam
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7888
í ó
Mar a El segui Cristina Hermida
(cid:129)
Editors
Racial Justice, Policies
’
and Courts Legal Reasoning
in Europe
123
Editors
MaríaElósegui Cristina Hermida
Department ofPhilosophy of Law Philosophy of Law
University of Zaragoza University Rey JuanCarlos
Zaragoza Madrid
Spain Spain
ISSN 1534-6781 ISSN 2214-9902 (electronic)
Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives onLawandJustice
ISBN978-3-319-53579-1 ISBN978-3-319-53580-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53580-7
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Contents
Part I Theoretical and Legal Framework
1 Human Dignity and Minority Protection. Some Reflections
on a Theory of Minority Rights.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3
Rainer Arnold
2 The Rational Loving Citizen: Towards a True Interculturality........ 15
Aránzazu Novales Alquézar
3 Denial or Justification of Genocide as a Criminal Offence
in European Law... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 49
María Elósegui
Part II Specific Thematic Cases Studies
4 Argumentation of the Court of Strasbourg’s Jurisprudence
Regarding the Discrimination Against Roma . .... .... ..... .... 93
Cristina Hermida
5 Gypsies, the Administration of Justice, Automation
and the Resolution of Problems .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 115
Fernando Galindo
6 Violent Urban Gangs. Main Perpetrators in Hate Crimes.... .... 131
D.D. Gil and A.F. Lopez
Part III Specific Case Studies of Various Countries
7 The State of Racial Justice in Germany . .... .... .... ..... .... 157
Wolfram Bechtel
8 Latest Developments in Combating Racism in the UK.. ..... .... 167
Michael Whine
v
vi Contents
9 Could the Estonian Ban on Hate Speech Interpreted
in a More Efficient Way? ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 177
Sten Andreas Ehrlich
10 An Experience of Reasonable Accommodation. The Portuguese
Constitutional Court Ruling N. 544/2014, Dated 15th July ... .... 191
Paulo Marrecas Ferreira
11 Racism from the Perspective of the Brazilian Courts of Justice:
A Critical Analysis . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 205
José Renato Gaziero Cella and Lahis Pasquali Kurtz
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
María Elósegui Full Professor of Philosophy of Law and Chair in the Faculty of Law at the
University of Zaragoza (Spain). Ph.D. in Law and Ph.D. in Philosophy. Research Fellow of the
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with Professor Robert Alexy in the University Christian
Albrechts,inKiel(Germany).ExpertindependentoftheEuropeanCommissionagainstRacismand
IntoleranceoftheCouncilofEurope(ECRI)for2013–2017.HehasbeenvisitingProfessorinGlasgow
University (Posdoctoral fellow), la Faculté de Droit de Saint Louis, Brussels (Belgium), UCLA,
Chicago,TorontoandLaval(Canadá).ShereceivedtheawardLuisPorteroforhisbookonHuman
RightsandCulturalPluralismin2008.MemberoftheRoyalAcademyofJurisprudenceandLegislation
of Spain. Director of the Ph.D. Programme on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms at the
UniversityofZaragoza(Spain).Authorof15booksand86articles,onlegalArgumentation,equalityof
Races, the Right of Cultural Identity and Gender. For instance, El concepto jurisprudencial de aco-
modamientorazonable.ElTribunalSupremodeCanadáyelTribunalEuropeodeDerechosHumanos
antelaGestióndelaDiversidadCulturalyReligiosaenelEspacioPúblico,CizurMenor(Pamplona),
Aranzadi,2013.Cvinsitehttp://intercultural.unizar.es.
Cristina Hermida Professor of Philosophy of Law in the Rey Juan Carlos University (Spain).
DoctorofLaw.ResearchFellowoftheAlexandervonHumboldtFoundation.Prof.JeanMonnet.
Corresponding Academic of the Royal Academic of Jurisprudence and Legislation of Madrid.
MemberoftheSpanishAssociationforSpanishPhilosophysince1995.AwardedtheDecoration
of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 2011 by President Fischer of the
RepublicofAustria(GoldeneEhrenzeichenfürVerdiensteumdieRepublikÖsterreich).Awarded
a Diploma in 2012 in gratitude for the substantial personal contribution to the educational and
scientificspheredevelopment,supportforinitiatives,activefacilitationofKyivUniversityofLaw
oftheNationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine,positiveimageintheinternationaleducational
environmentandontheoccasionofthe17thanniversaryoftheUniversityestablishment.In2013,
awardedafellowshipbytheNationalScienceCouncilofTaiwantoteachandperformresearchin
theNationalUniversityofTaipei(CollegeofLaw-TheCenterforCriminalLawStudies).Author
ofbooksandarticlesonSpanishthought,PhilosophyofLawandEuropeanUnionLaw.
vii
viii EditorsandContributors
Contributors
Aránzazu Novales Alquézar University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Rainer Arnold University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Wolfram Bechtel Kehl, Germany
José Renato Gaziero Cella PUCPR and at Faculdade Meridional—IMED,
Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
Sten Andreas Ehrlich University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
María Elósegui Faculty of Law, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
Paulo Marrecas Ferreira Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Fernando Galindo The University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
D.D. Gil University of Rey Juan Carlos of Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
Lahis Pasquali Kurtz Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC,
Florianópolis, Brazil
Cristina Hermida Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
A.F. Lopez CEIDIV, Madrid, Spain
Michael Whine Community Security Trust, London, UK
Introduction
Racialjusticeisaproactivereinforcementofpolicies,practices,attitudesandactionsthat
lead to equal access to opportunities, equitable treatment, and positive impacts and
outcomes for all persons. The book will focus on the reasoning of judicial power,
legislators, police and judges when dealing with racial discrimination in Europe today.
The legislative framework in all the contributions is that of the European Union and
oftheCouncilofEurope,aswellasRecommendationsno.7andnº15oftheECRI.1The
book,asaunit,supportsathesisthatactsasacommonthemeinthedifferentchapters.
Thisworkprovidesadifferentperspectivetotheonecommonlyfoundintheacademic
world because it upholds a hypothesis which is proven, using the practice of some
EuropeanCourts,boundbythestandardsoftheEUandoftheCouncilofEuropeagainst
racial discrimination. The contributions offer a critical insight into the reality in terms
oftheapplicationofthesestandardsbytheState,andsuggestsomeLegeferendagoalsor
improvementsintheapplicationofthelawsbythepolice,thelegislatorandthejudges.
We have chosen a sample of five countries, four of which belong at the same
time to the European Union and to the Council of Europe. In each of the five
countries, the responsibility of the public powers, more specifically of the legisla-
tiveandjudicialpowers,bothofthepoliceandofthejudiciary,inpersecutingracist
behaviourisreflected,aswellastheincreaseinracismincertaingroupsofcitizens.
These groups, such as the Skinheads, have a strong presence in young people all
1Stavros,Stephanos.Ex-ExecutiveSecretaryofECRI(2014)CombatingReligiousHateSpeech:
Lessons Learned from Five Years of Country-Monitoring by the European Commission against
Racism and Intolerance (ECRI). Religion and Human Rights 9, Koninklije Brill, Nv, Leiden,
pp.139–150.Here,p.142:“GPR,Nº7,thestatutebookofeachCouncil-of-Europememberstate
shouldideallycontainthefollowingoffences:intentionalpublicincitementtoviolence,hatredor
discriminationagainstpersonoragroupingofpersonsontheground,interalia,oftheirreligion
(paragraph 18, under a); intentional public insults and defamation against such a person or
grouping (paragraph 18, under b); international threats against the same target (paragraph 18,
underc);thepublicexpression,witharacistaim,ofanideologywhichclaimsthesuperiorityof,or
whichdepreciatesordenigrates,agroupingofpersonsontheground,interalia,oftheirreligion
(paragraph 18, under d); and the public denial, trivialization, justification or condoning, with a
racistaim,ofcrimesofgenocide,crimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimes(paragraph18,undere).”
ix
