Table Of ContentSTUDIES OF THE AMERICAS 
  
edited by  
  Maxine Molyneux  
  Institute of the Americas  
  University College London  
 Titles in this series include cross-disciplinary and comparative research on the United 
States, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada, particularly in the areas of poli-
tics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, development, gender, social policy, 
and the environment. The series publishes edited collections, which allow exploration 
of a topic from several different disciplinary angles by eminent scholars, and book-
length studies, which provide a deeper focus on a single topic. 
 
Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan: 
  
Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during 
Counter-Revolutionary Times  
 
By Hal Klepak 
  
The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America  
 
Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell 
  
Latin America: A New Interpretation  
 
By Laurence Whitehead 
  
Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina  
 By Arnd Schneider 
  
America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism  
 
Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill 
  
Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives  
 
Edited by Jens R. Hentschke 
  
When Was Latin America Modern?  
 
Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart 
  
Debating Cuban Exceptionalism  
 
Edited by Bert Hoffman and Laurence Whitehead 
  
Caribbean Land and Development Revisited  
 
Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen 
  
Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic  
 Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca, and David H. Treece 
  
Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, 1831–1973  
 
By Julio Faundez 
  
The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820–1880  
 By Iv án  Jaksi ć  
  
The Role of Mexico’s  Plural i n Latin American Literary and Political Culture: 
From Tlatelolco to the “Philanthropic Ogre”  
 
By John King 
  
Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico  
 
Edited by Matthew Butler
Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine 
the Future, 1900–1930  
 
By Nicola Miller 
  
The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 
187 to George W. Bush  
 
By Andrew Wroe 
  The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to 
Globalization in the Americas  
 
Edited by Diego S án chez-Ancochea and Kenneth C. Shadlen 
  
Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies  
 
Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Davies 
  
Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Local and Universal Views Confronted  
 
Edited by James Copestake 
  
The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism  
 
Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies 
  
Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967  
 
By Steven High 
  
Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads  
 
Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts 
  Visual Synergies in Fiction and Documentary Film from Latin America  
 
Edited by Miriam Haddu and Joanna Page 
  
Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals  
 
By John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman 
  
Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America  
 
Edited by Jean Grugel and P í a Riggirozzi 
  
Modern Poetics and Hemispheric American Cultural Studies  
 
By Justin Read 
  
Youth Violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective  
 
Edited by Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers 
  
The Origins of Mercosur  
 
By Gian Luca Gardini 
  
Belize’s Independence & Decolonization in Latin America: Guatemala, 
Britain, and the UN  
 
By Assad Shoman 
  
Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal  
 
By Colin Clarke and Gillian Clarke 
  
The Nitrate King: A Biography of “Colonel” John Thomas North  
 
By William Edmundson 
  
Negotiating the Free Trade Area of the Americas  
 
By Zuleika Arashiro 
  
History and Language in the Andes  
 
Edited by Paul Heggarty and Adrian J. Pearce 
  
Cross-Border Migration among Latin Americans: European Perspectives and Beyond  
 
Edited by Cathy McIlwaine
Native American Adoption, Captivity, and Slavery in Changing Contexts  
 
Edited by Max Carocci and Stephanie Pratt 
  
Struggle for Power in Post-Independence Colombia and Venezuela  
 
By Matthew Brown 
  
Taxation and Society in Twentieth-Century Argentina  
 
By Jos é  Antonio Sá n chez Romá n  
  
Mexico’s Struggle for Public Security: Organized Crime and State Responses  
 
Edited by George Philip and Susana Berruecos 
  
Ra úl  Castro and Cuba: A Military Story  
 By Hal Klepak 
  New Political Spaces in Latin American Natural Resource Governance  
 
Edited by Hå v ard Haarstad 
  
Politics and Power in Haiti  
 Edited by Kate Quinn and Paul Sutton 
  
Citizenship and Political Violence in Peru: An Andean Town, 1870s-1970s  
 By Fiona Wilson 
  
Aesthetics and Politics in the Mexican Film Industry  
 
By Misha MacLaird 
  
Reconfi guring the Union: Civil War Transformations  
 
Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip John Davies 
  
Making Brazil Work: Checking the President in a Multiparty System  
 
By Marcus Andr é  Melo and Carlos Pereira 
  
Sexual Violence during War and Peace: Gender, Power, and 
Post-Confl ict Justice in Peru  
 
By Jelke Boesten 
  
Argentina Since the 2001 Crisis: Recovering the Past, Reclaiming the Future  
 
Edited by Cara Levey, Daniel Ozarow, and Christopher Wylde 
  
The Origins of Bourbon Reform in Spanish South America, 1700–1763  
 
By Adrian J. Pearce 
  
The Political Empowerment of the Cocaleros of Bolivia and Peru  
 
By Ursula Durand Ochoa 
  
Gender, Globalization, and Health in a Latin American Context  
 
By Jasmine Gideon 
  Peru in Theory  
 
Edited by Paulo Drinot 
  
Race, Class, and the Politics of Decolonization: Jamaica Journals, 
1961 and 1968  
 
By Colin Clarke
Also by Colin Clarke 
  Jamaica in Maps  
  Kingston, Jamaica: Urban Development and Social Change, 1692–1962  
  Caribbean Social Relations (editor)  
  A Geography of the Third World (joint author)  
  Geography and Ethnic Pluralism (joint editor)  
  East Indians in a West Indian Town: San Fernando Trinidad, 1930–1970  
  Politics, Security, and Development in Small States (joint editor)  
  South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity (joint editor)  
  Society and Politics in the Caribbean (editor)  
  Class, Ethnicity and Community in Southern Mexico: Oaxaca’s Peasantries  
  Kingston, Jamaica: Urban Development and Social Change, 1692–2002  
  Decolonizing the Colonial City: Urbanization and Social Stratification in 
Kingston, Jamaica  
  Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal (joint author)  
  War’s Nomads: A Mobile Radar Unit in Pursuit of Rommel during the 
Western Desert Campaign, 1942–3 (joint editor)
Race, Class, and the Politics 
of Decolonization 
 Jamaica Journals, 1961 and 1968  
   Colin   Clarke
RACE, CLASS, AND THE POLITICS OF DECOLONIZATION  
 Copyright © Colin Clarke 2016 
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-54077-5
  All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this 
publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this 
publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written 
permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs 
and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited 
copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 
Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication 
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. 
 First published 2016 by 
 PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 
 The author has asserted their right to be identified as the author of this 
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers 
Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, 
Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. 
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One 
New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies 
and has companies and representatives throughout the world. 
ISBN: 978-1-349-57037-9
E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–54078–2
DOI: 10.1057/9781137540782
Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave 
Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in 
England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, 
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clarke, Colin G.
     Race, class, and the politics of decolonization : Jamaica journals, 1961 
and 1968 / Colin Clarke.
      pages cm.—(Studies of the Americas)
    Includes bibliographical references and index.
      1. Jamaica—Social conditions—20th century. 2. Jamaica—Politics 
and government—To 1962. 3. Jamaica—Politics and government—
1962– 4. Jamaica—History—Autonomy and independence movements. 
5. Race relations—Jamaica—Political aspects. 6. Communism—Jamaica. 
7. Decolonization—Jamaica. 8. Clarke, Colin G.—Diaries. I. Title. 
HT1098.C53 2015
3259.30972920904—dc23  2015016953
A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library.
To Gillian with love
Contents    
  List of Figures      xi  
  List of Plates      xiii  
  Preface      xv  
  Acknowledgments     x vii  
  List of Abbreviations     x ix    
  Introduction      1  
  Part I    Jamaica Journal 1961     
  Maps         2 9  
  Chapter 1  
  Jamaica: A British Colony on the Eve of Independence     3 7  
  Chapter 2  
  Kingston and Rural Jamaica     6 3  
  Chapter 3  
  The Ras Tafari Movement, Marxism, and Race     9 5  
  Chapter 4  
  Race, Class, and the Referendum      131