Вступ до R на прикладах

107 Pages·1.334 MB·Russian

by  Гнатюк В.

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1 ‡ ©®¬á⢮ § R ........................................... 1
1.1 Ǒ®ç ⮪ ஡®â¨ ........................................ 2
1.2 Ǒਪ« ¤¨ ¢ R .......................................... 2
1.3 Žâਬ ï ¤®¯®¬÷ ®ù ÷ ä®à¬ æ÷ù. ...................... 5
1.4 Ǒਪ« ¤¨ áâ â¨áâ¨ç ¨å ¤ ¨å........................... 6
1.5 „¥¬® áâà æ÷ï ¬®«¨¢®á⥩ R ........................... 7
1.6 Ǒ ª¥â¨ ¢ R............................................. 8
1.6.1 (cid:129) §®¢¨© ¡÷à ¯ ª¥â÷¢ R........................... 8
1.6.2 ö áâ «ïæ÷ï ¤®¤ ⪮¢¨å ¯ ª¥â÷¢ ..................... 8
1.6.3 Ǒ÷¤ª«îç¥ ï ¤®¤ ⪮¢¨å ¯ ª¥â÷¢ .................. 9
2 Ž¡'õªâ¨ ÷ ⨯¨ ¤ ¨å ¢ R................................. 10
2.1 ‚¥ªâ®à¨ ............................................... 10
2.2 ” ªâ®à¨ ............................................... 11
2.3 — ᮢ÷ à廊/á¥à÷ù ....................................... 13
2.4 Œ âà¨æ÷ ÷ ¬ ᨢ¨ ....................................... 13
2.5 (cid:129)«®ª¨ ¤ ¨å ¡® ¤ â ä३¬¨............................ 16
2.6 ‘¯¨áª¨ ................................................ 18
2.7 ‹®£÷ç ÷ ⨯¨ ¤ ¨å ÷ ®¯¥à â®à¨ .......................... 19
3 …ªá¯®àâ/ö¬¯®àâ ¤ ¨å ¢ R ............................... 21
3.1 …ªá¯®àâ ¤ ¨å ......................................... 21
3.2 ‡ ¯¨á ¤ ¨å ¢ ä®à¬ â÷ Ex
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3.3 Ǒ¥à¥ ¯à ¢«¥ ï ¤ ¨å § ¥ªà ã ¢ ä ©« ................. 22
3.4 ö¬¯®àâ ¤ ¨å........................................... 23
3.5 ö¬¯®àâ ¤ ¨å § ä®à¬ ⮢ ®£® ⥪á⮢®£® ä ©«ã.......... 23
3.6 ”ã ªæ÷ù read.table(),read.
sv()÷ read.delim()......... 24
3.7 ”ã ªæ÷ï read.fwf() .................................... 25
3.8 ”ã ªæ÷ï s
an() ......................................... 25
3.9 ö¬¯®àâ ¤ ¨å § äa©«÷¢ EXCEL (*.xls ä ©«¨).............. 26
3.10 ö¬¯®àâ ¤ ¨å § äa©«÷¢ SPSS ............................ 26
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3.12 Žâਬ ï ÷ ä®à¬ æ÷ù ¯à® ®¡'õªâ¨....................... 28
3.13 ‘¯¥æ÷ «ì ÷ § ç¥ ï .................................... 30
4 ‡¬÷áâ
3.13.1 NA ÷ NaN ........................................ 30
3.13.2 (cid:141)¥áª÷ ç¥ ÷áâì Inf ................................. 30
3.13.3 ‡ ç¥ ï NULL .................................. 31
3.14 Š®¤ã¢ ï § ç¥ ì §¬÷ ¨å ............................. 31
3.15 ‚¨ª«îç¥ ï ¢÷¤áãâ ÷å § ç¥ ì § «÷§ã.................. 31
4 ”ã ªæ÷ù ÷ ª® áâàãªæ÷ù ¢ R ................................ 32
4.1 ‚¡ã¤®¢ ÷ äã ªæ÷ù ...................................... 32
4.1.1 €à¨ä¬¥â¨ç ÷ äã ªæ÷ù ............................ 32
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4.2 (cid:141) ¯¨á ï ¢« á ¨å äã ªæ÷© ............................ 34
4.2.1 €à£ã¬¥ ⨠÷ §¬÷ ÷ äã ªæ÷ù........................ 35
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4.3.1 ”ã ªæ÷ù if ÷ swit
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4.3.2 –¨ª«¨ § ¢¨ª®à¨áâ ï¬ for, while ÷ repeat........... 39
4.4 ‘÷¬¥©á⢮ apply äã ªæ÷© ................................ 41
4.4.1 ”ã ªæ÷ï apply() .................................. 41
4.4.2 ”ã ªæ÷ù lapply(),sapply() ÷ repli
ate() ............... 42
4.4.3 ”ã ªæ÷ï rapply() ................................. 43
4.4.4 ”ã ªæ÷ï tapply() ................................. 44
4.4.5 ”ã ªæ÷ï by() ..................................... 45
4.4.6 ”ã ªæ÷ï outer() .................................. 45
5 ‘â â¨á⨪ ................................................ 47
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5.2 ”ã ªæ÷ù ஧¯®¤÷«ã ©¬®¢÷à ®á⥩ ......................... 49
5.3 (cid:144)¥£à¥á÷© ¨© «÷§...................................... 54
5.3.1 ‹÷ ÷© ॣà¥á÷ï.................................. 54
5.3.2 (cid:141)¥«÷ ÷© ॣà¥á÷ï................................ 59
6 ƒà ä÷ª¨ ÷ £à ä÷ç ÷ ¯ à ¬¥âà¨............................ 63
6.1 ’¨¯¨ £à ä÷ª÷¢.......................................... 63
6.1.1 ”ã ªæ÷ï plot() .................................. 63
6.1.2 ‹÷ ÷© ÷ £à ä÷ª¨ .................................. 64
6.1.3 ƒ÷áâ®£à ¬¨ ÷ £à ä÷ª¨ £ãá⨠¨ ஧¯®¤÷«ã ............ 65
6.1.4 Q-Q(Š¢ ⨫ì-Š¢ â¨«ì ¨©) £à ä÷ª............... 69
6.1.5 ’®çª®¢÷ £à ä÷ª¨ .................................. 70
6.1.6 C⮢¯ç¨ª®¢÷ ¤÷ £à ¬¨............................. 71
6.1.7 Šà㣮¢÷ ¤÷ £à ¬¨ ................................. 72
6.1.8 (cid:129)®ªá¯«®â¨ ¡® áªà¨ 쪮¢÷ ¤÷ £à ¬¨ ................ 73
6.1.9 Ǒ®à÷¢ ï«ì ÷ ¤÷ £à ¬¨ ............................. 74
6.1.10 Œ âà¨æ÷ ¤÷ £à ¬ ஧á÷î¢ ï...................... 75
6.1.11 ’®çª®¢÷ £à ä÷ª¨ ¢¨á®ª®ù é÷«ì ®áâ÷ ................. 76
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6.1.13 3D £à ä÷ª¨ ...................................... 77
6.2 ‡¡¥à¥¥ ï £à ä÷ª÷¢ ã ä ©« ............................ 78
6.3 ƒà ä÷ç ÷ ¯ à ¬¥âਠ.................................... 81
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6.3.2 Œã«ì⨣à ä÷ª¨................................... 83
6.3.3 Š®«÷à............................................ 84
6.3.4 ‘¨¬¢®«¨......................................... 85
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6.3.6 (cid:144)®§¬÷à ᨬ¢®«÷¢, «÷ ÷© â âਡãâ÷¢ £à ä÷ª ........ 87
6.3.7 (cid:141) §¢¨ ÷ ¯÷¤¯¨á¨ .................................. 88
6.3.8 ’¥ªáâ £à ä÷ªã ................................. 89
6.3.9 ‹¥£¥ ¤ ......................................... 91
7 „®¤ ⮪ € ................................................ 94
7.1 ö áâ «ïæ÷ï R ........................................... 94
7.2 ‡ ¯ã᪠R............................................... 94
7.3 ‡ ¯ã᪠áªà¨¯â®¢®£® ä ©«ã *.R........................... 95
7.4 ‡ ¯ã᪠R ã ä® ®¢®¬ã २¬÷............................ 96
8 „®¤ ⮪ (cid:129) ................................................ 97
8.1 Ž¡'õªâ formula.......................................... 97
‹÷â¥à âãà .................................................... 99
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R version 2.11.1 (2010-05-31)
Copyright (C) 2010 The R Foundation for Statisti
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ISBN 3-900051-07-0
R is free software and
omes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are wel
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Type 'li
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Natural language support but running in an English lo
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Type '
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Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
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> plot(histogram,
ol="blue",border="red")
Histogram of x
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