Quinoa : sustainable production, variety improvement, and nutritive value in agroecological systems

258 Pages·2015·9.18 MB·English

by  Kevin S. Murphy

Quinoa
Improvement and Sustainable
Production

Quinoa
Improvement and Sustainable
Production
Editedby
Kevin Murphy and Janet Matanguihan
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Contents
ListofContributors ix FinalRemarks 23
References 23
Preface xi
3 AgroecologicalandAgronomic
1 Quinoa:AnIncanCroptoFace
CulturalPracticesofQuinoain
GlobalChangesinAgriculture 1
SouthAmerica 25
JuanAntonioGonzález,SayedS.S.
MagaliGarcia,BrunoCondori,and
Eisa,SayedA.E.S.Hussin,and
CarmenDelCastillo
FernandoEduardoPrado
Introduction 25
Introduction 1
AndeanDomestication 26
ABriefHistoryofQuinoaCultivation 2
BotanicalandTaxonomicalDescription 27
NutritionalValueofQuinoaSeed 2
GeneticBackgroundandResearchon
BotanicalandGeneticCharacteristicsof
QuinoaGenetics 28
theQuinoaPlant 5
EcologyandPhytogeography 30
QuinoaandEnvironmentalStresses:
CultivationandAgronomicPractices
DroughtandSalinity 7
inSouthAmerica 30
Conclusion 12
QuinoaProduction 31
References 12
Soilconditions 31
Climate 32
2 HistoryofQuinoa:ItsOrigin, Droughtresistance 32
Domestication,Diversification, Temperatureandphotoperiod 33
andCultivationwithParticular Hail 34
Cultivation 34
ReferencetotheChilean
Sowing 34
Context 19
Fertilizationofquinoa 36
EnriqueA.Mart´ınez,FranciscoF. Culturalpractices 37
Fuentes,andDidierBazile
Cropwaterrequirementsand
QuinoaOriginsintheCentralAndes 19 irrigation 37
AncientExpansiontoSouthernLatitudes Bioticthreats:pestsanddiseases 38
inChile 20 Seedharvestandpostharvest
ReintroductionofQuinoainAridChile technology 39
afterLocalExtinction 20 References 41
v
vi Contents
4 TrendsinQuinoaYieldoverthe PotentialforEcologicalManagementof
SouthernBolivianAltiplano: Quinoa 77
LessonsfromClimateand References 80
Land-UseProjections 47
6 QuinoaBreeding 87
SergeRambal,Jean-PierreRatte,
FlorentMouillot,andThierryWinkel LuzGomez-Pando
Summary 47 History–DomesticationProcess 87
Introduction 48 CollectionofGeneticResources 88
MaterialsandMethods 49 GoalsandMethodsofQuinoaBreeding 92
Thestudyarea 49 Requirementofthefarmers 92
Recentpastandpresentclimate 49 Requirementsoftheindustryand
consumers 95
Sourceofclimatescenarios 50
Methodsingeneticimprovement 96
Simulatingtheyieldindexatlocal
QuinoaBreedingMethods 98
orplotscale 50
Selection 98
Thesoilwaterbalancemodel 50
Participatoryplantbreeding(PPB) 98
Scenariosofland-use/land-cover
Introductionofforeigngermplasm 99
changes 51
Hybridization 99
Scalinglocalyieldindexuptotheregion51
Interspecificandintergenericcrosses 102
Results 52
Backcrossmethod 102
Droughthistoryoverthearea 52
Usingheterosisinquinoa 102
Climateprojectionsandsoildrought
Mutagenesis 103
limitation 52
Marker-assistedselection(MAS) 103
Timevariationofyieldatlocalor
Conclusion 103
plotscale 54
References 103
Modelresultsatlandscapelevel 56
Discussion 57
7 QuinoaCytogenetics,Molecular
Acknowledgments 60
References 60 Genetics,andDiversity 109
JanetB.Matanguihan,PeterJ.
5 ThePotentialofUsingNatural Maughan,EricN.Jellen,andBozena
EnemiesandChemical Kolano
CompoundsinQuinoafor Introduction 109
BiologicalControlofInsect CytogeneticsandGenomeStructureof
Pests 63 ChenopodiumQuinoa 109
CrossabilityofQuinoaandAllied
MarianaValoy,CarmenReguilón,
TetraploidTaxa 111
andGriseldaPodazza
DNASequenceEvidenceforQuinoa’s
Introduction 63 GenomicOrigins 112
InsectsinQuinoa 64 QuinoaGeneticMarkersandLinkage
Insectpestsofquinoa 65 Maps 113
Beneficialinsectsinquinoa 65 QuinoaDiversity 115
Chemicalresponsesofquinoa Phenotypicdiversity 115
toinsectherbivory 72 Geneticdiversity 117
Quinoasecondarymetabolites 74 Summary 118
PotentialofBiologicalControlinQuinoa 76 References 120
Contents vii
8 ExSituConservationofQuinoa: Utilizationofquinoagermplasm 148
TheBolivianExperience 125 Conclusions 155
References 158
WilfredoRojasandMiltonPinto
Introduction 125
9 QuinoaBreedinginAfrica:
CentersofOriginandDiversity
History,Goals,andProgress 161
ofQuinoa 126
GeographicalDistributionofQuinoa 127 MosesF.A.MaliroandVeronicaGuwela
GenebanksoftheAndeanRegion 128
Introduction 161
BolivianCollectionofQuinoa
Originofquinoa 161
Germplasm 130
IntroducingquinoainAfrica 161
Historyandmanagementofthe
Ecologicaladaptationofquinoa 163
quinoagermplasm 130
GoalsofQuinoaBreedinginAfrica 164
Currentstatusofquinoagermplasm 132
QuinoastudiesunderMalawi
StepsforExSituManagementand
conditions 164
ConservationofQuinoa 132
QuinoastudiesinKenya 166
Collectionofquinoagermplasm 133
ChallengesandConsiderationsfor
Technicalprocedureforquinoa
FutureResearch 169
germplasmcollection 133
Plantlodging 169
Historyandevolutionofquinoa
Acceptability 169
germplasmcollections 134
Agronomicpractices 170
Distributionofquinoagermplasm
Rain-fedversusirrigatedcropping
collection 136
systems 170
Preliminarymultiplicationofquinoa
Conclusion 170
germplasm 136
References 170
Storageandconservationofquinoa
germplasm 138
10 QuinoaCultivationfor
Short-andmedium-termstorage
(1to20years) 138 TemperateNorthAmerica:
Long-termstorage(80to100years) 138 ConsiderationsandAreas
Characterizationandevaluation forInvestigation 173
ofthequinoagermplasm 140
AdamJ.PetersonandKevinM.Murphy
Stagesofgermplasmcharacterization
Introduction 173
andevaluation 140
TolerancetoAbioticStresses 173
Agromorphologicalvariables 141
Agro-foodandnutritionalvalue Heattolerance 173
variables 143 Droughttolerance 174
Molecularcharacterization 144 Coldtolerance 175
Multiplicationandregeneration Salinitytolerance 176
ofquinoagermplasm 144 ProductionAspects 177
Monitoringofseedquantityand Varietyselection 177
percentageofseed Fertilization 178
germination 145 Planting/spacing 179
Technicalprocedureformultiplication Maturityandharvesting 181
and/orregeneration 145 ChallengestoQuinoaProduction 182
Regenerationschedule 146 Waterloggingandpreharvestsprouting 182
Documentationandinformation Disease 183
onquinoagermplasm 147 Insectpests 184
viii Contents
Weedcontrol 185 12 Quinoa’sCalling 211
Saponins 186
SergioNún˜ezdeArco
AlternativeUsesofQuinoa 186
Introduction 211
Forage 186
ASnapshotoftheEconomicsofa
Feed 187
SmallholderFarmerinBoliviaand
Conclusion 187
theInternationalMarket 212
Acknowledgments 188
TheQuinoaMarket:Supplyand
References 188
Demand 213
Bolivia,Peru,andEcuador
11 NutritionalPropertiesofQuinoa 193
increasequinoaacreage 213
GeyangWu Evolutionofquinoa,
Introduction 193 (Figs.12.7–12.10
Protein 193 andFig.12.3)acreagein
Carbohydrates 196 Bolivia 213
Starch 196 TheUSquinoamarketandevolution
Sugar 198 ofprices 215
Dietaryfiber 198 Quinoaintheeyeofamarketstorm 215
Lipids 199 Thequinoagrowerrisesout
Vitamins 200 ofpoverty 217
Minerals 201 CurrentProductionPractices,Increased
Anti-NutritionalFactorsofQuinoa 202 Acreage,andThoughtson
BioactiveCompounds 204 Sustainability 221
Phenoliccompounds 204 LivingWell,ReversedMigration,and
Phenolicacid 204 CulturalIdentity 224
Flavonoids 204 OpportunitiesfortheBolivianFarmer 225
Carotenoids 205
Index 227
Summary 205
References 205