Table Of ContentQuarks, Leptons,
and Their
Constituents
THE SUBNUCLEAR SERIES
Series Editor: ANTONI NO ZICHICHI, European Physical Society, Geneva, Switzerland
1. 1963 STRONG, ELECTROMAGNETIC, AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
2. 1964 SYMMETRIES IN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS
3. 1965 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PARTICLE SYMMETRIES
4. 1966 STRONG AND WEAK INTERACTIONS
5. 1967 HADRONS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS
6. 1968 THEORY AND PHENOMENOLOGY IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
7. 1969 SUBNUCLEAR PHENOMENA
8. 1970 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES AT HIGH ENERGY
9. 1971 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
10. 1972 HIGHLIGHTS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
11. 1973 LAWS OF HADRONIC MATTER
12. 1974 LEPTON AND HADRON STRUCTURE
13. 1975 NEW PHENOMENA IN SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
14. 1976 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS
OF MATTER
15. 1977 THE WHYS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
16. 1978 THE NEW ASPECTS OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS
17. 1979 POINTLIKE STRUCTURES INSIDE AND OUTSIDE HADRONS
18. 1980 THE HIGH-ENERGY LIMIT
19. 1981 THE UNITY OF THE FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
20. 1982 GAUGE INTERACTIONS: Theory and Experiment
21. 1985 HOW FAR ARE WE FROM THE GAUGE FORCES
22. 1988 QUARKS, LEPTONS, AND THEIR CONSTITUENTS
Volume 1 was published by W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York; 2-8 and 11-12 by
Academic Press, New York and London; 9-10, by Editrice Compositori, Bologna; 13-22
by Plenum Press, New York and London.
Quarks, Leptons,
and Their
Constituents
Edited by
Antonino Zichichi
European Physical Society
Geneva, Switzerland
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International School of Sub nuclear Physics (22nd: 1984: Erice, Sicily)
Quarks, leptons, and their constituents.
(The Subnuclear series; v. 22)
"Proceedings of the twenty-second course of the International School of Subnuclear
Physics, held August 5-15, 1984, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily, Italy"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Quarks-Congresses. 2. Leptons (Nuclear physics)-Congresses. I. Zichichi,
Antonino. II. Title. III. Series.
QC793.5.Q2522155 1984 539.7'21 86-22672
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8230-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-0889-8
DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0889-8
Proceedings of the twenty-second Course of the International School of
Subnuclear Physics, held August 5-15, 1984, in Erice, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1988
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
From 5 to 15 August 1984, a group of 79 physicists from 61
laboratories in 26 countries met in Erice for the 22nd Course of
the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries
represented were Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
People's Republic of China, Denmark, the Federal Republic of
Germany, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of
America. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public
Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technologi
cal Research (MRST), the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and
the Weizmann Institute of Science.
The programme of the School was devoted to a review of the
most significant results in theoretical and experimental research
work on the interactions between what we believe today are the
point like constituents of the world: quarks and leptons.
It should however not be forgotten that many problems are
still to be understood: especially in the forefront of the correla
tion between quarks and leptons. This game started in 1966 with
the proposal for "leptonic quarks" and went on with "preons" and
"rishons" just to quote the most famous attempts to unify these
two worlds.
I hope the reader will enjoy the book as much as the students
enjoyed attending the lectures and the discussion sessions, which
are one of the most attractive features of the School. Thanks
to the work of the Scientific Secretaries the discussions have
been reproduced as faithfully as possible. At various stages of
my work I have enjoyed the collaboration of many friends whose
contributions have been extremely important for the School and
v
vi PREFACE
are highly appreciated. I thank them most warmly. A final ackno
wledgement to all those who, in Erice, Bologna, Rome and Geneva,
have helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very
indebted.
Antonino Zichichi
November 1985
Geneva
CONTENTS
OPENING LECTURE
The End of a Myth: High-PT Physics
A. Zichichi et al. 1
THEORETICAL LECTURES
N = 1 Supergravity Models with Vanishing Cosmological
Contant
S. Ferrara 55
The Kaluza-Klein Program in Supergravity
A. Eastaugh and P. Van Nieuwenhuizen 83
What is Inside Quarks and Leptons?
H. Fritzsch 135
Quark Masses and Chiral Symmetry
H. Leutwyler 189
Monte Carlo Renormalization Group Methods and Results
in QCD
P. Hasenfratz 225
SEMINARS ON SPECIALIZED TOPICS
Radiative J/~ Decays
C. A. Heusch 279
An Introduction to Stochastic Cooling
S. van der Meer 325
vii
viii CONTENTS
REVIEW LECTURE
Proton Decay
M. Koshiba 349
The Glueballs of QCD and Beyond
S. J. Lindenbaum 391
Toponium Physics
A. Martin 447
Electroweak Physics at the CERN pp Collider
L. Di LelIa 479
New Flavours: How they can be looked for at the (pp)
Collider with the Lepton Asymmetry Analyzer
A. Zichichi et al. 517
THE GLORIOUS DAYS OF PHYSICS
Physics and Physicists in the Thirties
G. C. Wick 565
CLOSING CEREMONY
Prizes and Scholarships 579
Participants 581
Index 593
THE END OF A MYTH:
HIGH-PT PHYSICS
M. Basile, J. Berbiers, G. Cara Romeo, L. Cifarelli,
A. Contin, G. D'Ali, C. Del Papa, P. Giusti, T. Massam,
R. Nania, F. Palmonari, G. Sartorelli, M. Spinetti,
G. Susinno, L. Votano and A. zichichi
Bologna-CERN-Frascati Collaboration
Presented by A. Zichichi
1. INTRODUCTION
So far, the main picture of hadronic physics has been based on
a distinction between high-PT and low-PT phenomena.
In the framework of parton model, high-PT processes were the
only candidates to establish a link between
• purely hadronic processes
• (e+e-) annihilations
• (DIS) processes
The advent of QCD has emphasized in a dramatic way the privi
leged role of high-PT physics due to the fact that, thanks to asymp
totic freedom, QCD calculations via perturbative methods can be
attempted at high-PT and results successfully compared with experi
mental data [1]. The conclusion was: we can forget about everything
else and limit ourselves to high-PT physics.
Being theoretically off limits, low-PT phenomena, which repre
sent the overwhelming majority of hadronic processes (more than 99\
2 A. ZICHICHI ET AL.
of physics it is here), have been up to now neglected. By subtracting
the leading proton effects in order to derive the effective energy
available for particle production and by using the correct variables,
the BCF collaboration has performed a systematic study of the final
states produced in low-PT (pp) interactions at the ISR and has com
pared the results with those obtained in the processes listed below:
Process Data Sources
+ -
(e e ) SLAC, DORIS, PETRA
(DIS) SPS/EMC
(pp) }
{ ISR (!FS)
Transverse physics
(pp) SPS Collider (UA1)
+ -
(e e ) PETRA/TASSO (leading subtraction)
The results of this study [2-18] show that, once a common basis
for comparison is found by the use of the correct variables, remark
able analogies are observed in processes so far considered basically
different like
• low-PT (pp) interactions
• (e+ e-) annihilations
• (DIS) processes
high-PT (pp) and (pp) interactions
This is how universality features emerge, and this is the basis
to proceed for a meaningful comparison, i.e.:
tiI§t identify the correct variables to establish a common basis,
then proceed to a detailed comparison* .
1.1 The leadinq effect
I would like to show you the importance of the leading proton
effect at the ISR.
* The root of this new approach to the study of hadronic inter
actions goes back a long time to a proposal by the CERN-Bologna
group: ·Study of deep inelastic high momentum transfer hadronic
collisions· PMI/com-69/35, 8 July 1969.
