Quantum Waveguide in Microcircuits

407 Pages·2017·23.082 MB·English

by  Jian-Bai Xia, Duan-Yang Liu, Wei-Dong Sheng

Quantum
Waveguide
in Microcircuits

Pan Stanford Series on Renewable Energy — Volume 2
Quantum
Waveguide
in Microcircuits
editors
PrebeJni aMna‐eBgaaia Xrida | Duan‐Yang Liu | Wei‐Dong Sheng
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
October3,2017 10:38 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-QWM-Prelims
Publishedby
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QuantumWaveguideinMicrocircuits
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ISBN978-981-4669-85-6(Hardback)
ISBN978-1-315-36477-3(eBook)
PrintedintheUSA
September11,2017 13:15 PSPBook-9inx6in 00-QWM-Prelims
Contents
Introduction xi
PART I
NON-CLASSICAL,NON-LINEARTRANSPORT
1 PropertiesofQuantumTransport 3
1.1 CharacteristicLength 3
1.2 Non-equilibriumTransport 6
1.3 QuantumEffect 9
1.3.1 StatisticalThermodynamics 9
1.3.2 Phase-CoherentEffect 11
1.3.3 CoulombBlockadeEffect 14
1.4 Landauer–Bu¨ttikerFormula 14
1.5 QuantumInterferenceTransistor 18
1.6 SpintronicsDevices 21
1.7 Carbon-BasedElectronics 25
1.7.1 ElectronicStructure 27
1.7.2 ElectricProperties 28
1.7.3 CarbonNanotubeField-EffectTransistor 30
1.7.4 GrapheneRibbonTransistor 33
1.7.5 FutureofCarbon-BasedDevices 35
2 Non-equilibriumTransport 39
2.1 MonteCarloMethod 40
2.2 Time-RelatedTransportBehaviorsinHomogeneous
Semiconductors 43
2.2.1 DriftDiffusionModel 43
2.2.2 TransportinaStrongElectricField 44
2.2.3 ApplicationofaBalanceEquation 49
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vi Contents
2.2.4 DeviceDesignConsideringaStrongField
Transport 54
2.3 TransportRelatedtoSpace 57
2.4 TransportinaSi-MOSFET 62
2.5 QuantumSimulationMethod:QuantumMoment
Equations 66
2.6 SimulationofUltra-SmallHEMTDevices 70
3 ResonantTunneling 75
3.1 Single-BarrierStructure 76
3.2 ResonantTunnelingofDoublePotentialBarriers 86
3.3 HoleResonantTunneling 96
3.4 ResonantTunnelinginDiluteMagnetic
Semiconductors 104
4 LongitudinalTransportofSuperlattices 115
4.1 MinibandTransportofaSuperlattice 116
4.2 BlochOscillationinSuperlattices 123
4.3 HoppingConductionbetweenWannier–StarkStates 129
5 MesoscopicTransport 137
5.1 ContactResistance 137
5.2 LandauerFormula 145
5.3 Many-ChannelCase 148
5.4 Multi-TerminalDevices 151
5.5 SomeApplicationsoftheBu¨ttikerFormula 155
5.5.1 Three-ProbeConductor 155
5.5.2 Four-ProbeConductor 158
5.6 ExperimentalResults 158
5.6.1 Two-TerminalConductor 158
5.6.2 Two-TerminalDeviceintheMagneticField 160
5.6.3 QuantumHallEffect 164
6 TransportinQuantumDots 169
6.1 Single-ElectronEffectandSingle-ElectronTransistor 170
6.2 TransportofaQuantumDotinaMagneticField 183
6.3 KondoEffectinQuantumDotTransport 189
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Contents vii
6.4 Single-ElectronTransportinVerticalQuantumDots 195
6.4.1 QuantumDotandSingle-ElectronEnergy
Levels 195
6.4.2 ShellFillingandHund’sFirstRule 197
6.4.3 Single-ElectronTunnelingSpectruminthe
MagneticField 198
6.4.4 SpinBlockadeEffect 201
6.4.5 Single-ElectronTunnelinginCoupled
QuantumDots 204
7 SiliconSingle-ElectronTransistor 209
7.1 PrincipleofaSingle-ElectronTransistor 210
7.2 EarlyWorksofSetOperatingatRoom
Temperature 216
7.3 SiSetOperatingatRoomTemperature 221
7.4 SiSetUsedasaLogicCircuit 227
8 SiliconSingle-ElectronMemory 235
8.1 MemoryofFloating-Gate-NodeType 236
8.2 SiSetUsedasMemory 239
8.3 FloatingGateMemoryOperatingatRoom
Temperature 243
8.4 SiliconNanocrystal-BasedMemory 247
8.5 RetentionPropertyofNanocrystalFloatingMemory 251
PART II
QUANTUMWAVEGUIDETHEORYINMESOSCOPICSYSTEMS
9 PropertiesofQuantumTransport 265
9.1 CharacteristicLength 265
9.2 Phase-CoherentEffect 268
9.3 CoulombBlockadeEffects 269
9.4 Landauer–Bu¨ttikerFormula 270
9.5 Spintronics 274
9.6 RashbaSpin-OrbitInteraction 278
9.7 QuantumWaveguideTheory 282
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viii Contents
10 One-DimensionalQuantumWaveguideTheory 285
10.1 TwoBasicEquations 286
10.2 RingwithTwoArms 287
10.3 Aharonov–BohmRing 288
10.4 QuantumInterferenceDevices 291
10.5 StubModel 294
10.6 One-DimensionalWaveguideTheoryofHoles 295
10.7 QuantumInterferenceDeviceofaHole 298
11 Two-DimensionalQuantumWaveguideTheory 301
11.1 TransferMatrixMethod 302
11.2 ScatteringMatrixMethod 308
11.3 WaveguidewithMultipleTerminals 311
12 One-DimensionalQuantumWaveguideTheoryofa
RashbaElectron 317
12.1 RashbaStateWaveFunction 318
12.2 BoundaryConditionsoftheRashbaCurrent 321
12.3 KineticPropertyofaRashbaWaveinBranch
Circuits 322
12.3.1 TurningStructure 322
12.3.2 Spin-PolarizedDevice 325
12.3.3 Spin-PolarizedInterferenceDevice 326
12.4 GeneralTheoryforaStructurewithMultiple
Branches 328
12.5 Summary 334
13 1DQuantumWaveguideTheoryofRashbaElectronsin
CurvedCircuits 337
13.1 TransferMatrixofaRashbaElectronina1D
Two-TerminalStructure 338
13.2 ElectronStructureofaClosedCircle 340
13.3 ElectronStructureofaClosedSquareLoop 343
13.4 SpinInterferenceinanABRing 344
13.5 SpinInterferenceinanABSquareLoop 346
13.6 SpinInterferenceinanABDoubleSquareLoop 350
13.7 Summary 352
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Contents ix
14 SpinPolarizationofaRashbaElectronwithaMixedState 355
14.1 TransferMatrixofaRashbaElectroninanAB
RingwithaMagneticFlux 356
14.2 DescriptionofSpinPolarizationofaRashba
Electron 359
14.3 SpinTransportinaSquareRingandaCircular
RingwithaMagneticFlux 360
14.4 SpinPolarizationofaRashbaElectronina
QuantumRing 363
14.5 Summary 364
15 Two-DimensionalQuantumWaveguideTheoryofRashba
Electrons 367
15.1 TransferMatrixMethodConsideringSpin 368
15.2 SpinInterferenceinTwoKindsof2DWaveguides 372
15.3 TheUnitaryCondition 379
15.4 Summary 380
Index 383