Quantum Materials, Devices, and Applications

299 Pages·2022·6.124 MB·English

by  Mohamed Henini, Marcelo Oliveira Rodrigues

Quantum Materials, Devices, and
Applications
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Quantum Materials,
Devices, and Applications
Edited by
Mohamed Henini
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire,
United Kingdom
Marcelo Oliveira Rodrigues
Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological
Chemistry, University of Brası´lia, Brası´lia, DF,
Brazil
Elsevier
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Contents
Listofcontributors xi
1 Quantumdotsandbioimaging 1
ChristosVerosandMariaGazouli
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Applicationsofquantumdotsinbioimaging 3
1.3 Quantumdotsandinvitrobioimaging 4
1.3.1 Cellimaging 4
1.3.2 Moleculartargeting 6
1.3.3 Drugdelivery 6
1.3.4 Genetechnology 7
1.3.5 Multimodalimaging 8
1.4 Quantumdotsandinvivobioimaging 8
1.4.1 Celllabeling 10
1.4.2 Tumorimaging 10
1.4.3 Lymphnodeimaging 11
1.4.4 Vasculatureimaging 11
1.4.5 Whole-bodyimaging 12
1.4.6 Stemcellimaging 12
1.4.7 Multimodalimaging 12
1.5 Quantumdotsandtheranostics 13
1.6 Otherapplicationsofquantumdots 14
1.7 Toxicityissues 15
1.8 Noveltypesofquantumdots 16
1.8.1 Cadmium-freequantumdots 16
1.8.2 Siliconquantumdots 17
1.8.3 Carbon/graphenequantumdots 17
1.9 Conclusion 18
References 18
2 2Dquantummaterialsandsensorsdevices 19
BeatrizJurado-Sa´nchezandAlbertoEscarpa
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Typesofquantummaterialsforsensingapplications 21
2.2.1 2Dnanomaterials 21
2.2.2 Heterostructuresandnanocomposites 23
2.2.3 Synthesisof2Dquantummaterialsforsensing 24
vi Contents
2.3 Sensorsbasedonquantummaterials 25
2.3.1 Gassensors 25
2.3.2 Electrochemical(bio)-sensors 31
2.3.3 Opticalsensors 33
2.3.4 Photodetectors 35
2.4 Conclusions 36
Acknowledgments 36
References 37
3 Superconductingquantummagneticsensing 43
AntonioVettoliere,PaoloSilvestrini andCarmineGranata
3.1 Principlesofsuperconductingquantummagneticsensing 43
3.1.1 Introduction 43
3.1.2 Josephsoneffect andfluxquantizationina
superconductingring 44
3.1.3 WorkingprincipleofaSQUID 46
3.1.4 MaincharacteristicsandmagneticnoiseofaSQUID 47
3.2 MainSQUIDconfigurations 52
3.2.1 Magnetometerandgradiometer 53
3.2.2 High-sensitivitycurrentsensor(pico-ammeter) 56
3.2.3 HighspatialresolutionSQUID(microSQUID) 59
3.2.4 Spinsensor(nanoSQUID) 63
3.3 MainSQUIDapplications 66
3.3.1 Biomagnetism 67
3.3.2 Nondestructiveevaluation 71
3.3.3 Magneticmicroscopy 73
3.3.4 Nanomagnetism 78
3.3.5 MentionsofotherSQUID applications 80
3.4 Conclusionsandperspectives 80
References 81
4 Nano-engineeredcompositesbasedoncarbonnitrideaspotential
agentsfortheremediationofwaterwithmicropollutants 87
ElianeVieiraRosa,AlexFabianoCortezCampos,MarceloOliveira
Rodrigues,MohamedHeniniandMarceloHenriqueSousa
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Industrial-origincontaminantsandantibiotics:dangerous
micropollutantstotheenvironmentandhealth 89
4.3 Carbonnitride 91
4.4 Improvingtheefficiencyinenvironmentalremediation
applications: theCNnanocomposites 95
4.5 Finalconsiderations 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
Contents vii
5 Quantummaterialsforemergingagrochemicals 117
AdalbertoBenavides-Mendoza,AntonioJua´rez-Maldonado,
GonzaloRodrigoTortella-FuentesandJose´AntonioGonza´lez-Fuentes
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Nanomaterialsandquantumnanomaterials:theapplicable
propertiesforagriculture 119
5.3 Agrochemicalsandthenichesforquantummaterials 125
5.4 Useofquantummaterialsasagrochemicals 128
5.4.1 All-dimensionalmaterialsasfertilizers,biostimulants,
growthregulators,andpesticides 128
5.4.2 One-dimensionalmaterialssuchasfertilizers,
biostimulants,growthregulators,andpesticides 133
5.4.3 Two-dimensionalmaterialsasfertilizers,biostimulants,
growthregulators,andpesticides 133
5.5 Conclusions 138
References 138
6 Quantumdotmaterials,devices,andtheirapplicationsin
photomedicine 155
ManuelA.Triana,Rube´nJ.Camargo,Shin-TsonWu,
RaymondJ.LanzafameandYajieDong
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Fundamentals 156
6.2.1 QDmaterials:propertiesandsynthesis 156
6.2.2 QDdevices 159
6.2.3 EvolutionandoperatingprincipleofQLEDs 161
6.2.4 PDTandPBM 163
6.3 QDmaterials’developmentandapplications 164
6.4 DevelopmentandapplicationofQDdevicesinphotomedicine 168
6.4.1 QLEDsforphotomedicalapplication 168
6.4.2 QLEDsforPDTandPBM 180
6.4.3 QDdevicesforhealthmonitoringanddiagnostics 190
6.5 Conclusionandoutlook 193
References 193
7 Carbondots(C-dots):fluorescence processesandbioimaging 201
GiseleA.Medeiros,CarimeV.daSilvaRodrigues,
JohnSpencerandBrennoA.D.Neto
7.1 Introduction 201
7.2 C-dotsfluorescentemissiveprocesses 202
7.3 C-dotsinbioimagingexperiments 205
7.4 Summaryandoutlook 210
References 211
viii Contents
8 Quantumtunnelingnanoelectromechanicalsystemdevicesfor
biomedicalapplications 215
MarekT.MichalewiczandAnthonySasse
8.1 MEMSandNEMSsensorsandsensinginbiomedicalapplications 215
8.1.1 ExistingMEMS devices 215
8.1.2 UniqueadvantagesofquantumtunnelingNEMSdevices 216
8.1.3 Furtherprospectsforultrasmallandsensitivemedical
NEMSsensorsinbiomedicine 217
8.2 Quantumtunneling 218
8.3 DesignandproofofconceptforquantumtunnelingNEMSsensors 219
8.3.1 Differentdesignsofquantumtunnelingsensors 219
8.3.2 QuantumtunnelingNEMSdevicesbasedonoverlapping
arraysofnanowires 220
8.3.3 Proof-of-concepttunnelingcurrentmeasurements,NEMS
conceptualdesigns,andproposedfabricationprocesses 225
8.4 Newquantumtunnelingmetrologyforcantilever-baseddevices 225
8.4.1 Quantumtunnelingcantilevers:proof-of-conceptdescription 229
8.5 Finalword:futureprospectsforNEMSinbiomedicalapplications 231
Acknowledgments 231
References 231
9 Quantumdots:anemergingimplicationofnanotechnologyin
cancerdiagnosisandtherapy 243
AlkaLohani,SumitDurgapalandPierfrancescoMorganti
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 Pathophysiologyofcancer 243
9.3 Presentdiagnosticmethods 245
9.4 Nanotechnologyincancer 245
9.5 Quantumdots 245
9.6 Propertiesofquantumdots 246
9.6.1 Opticalproperties 246
9.7 Quantumdotsincancerdiagnosisandtherapy 250
9.7.1 Identificationofthemoleculartargets 250
9.7.2 Mappingofasentinellymphnode 251
9.7.3 Cancerimaging 252
9.7.4 Drugdelivery 253
9.8 Toxicityofquantumdots 255
9.9 Conclusionandfutureprospects 258
References 258
10 Nanotechnologyforcosmeticsapplications—ajourneyininnovation 263
Joa˜oPauloFigueiro´Longo,NichollasSerafimCamargo,
GuilhermeAlvesFerreira,CamilaMagalha˜esCardadorand
MarcosAntoˆnioCorreˆa
10.1 Introduction 263
Contents ix
10.2 Nanocosmeticdefinitions 264
10.3 Inorganicnanoparticlesusedincosmetics 265
10.4 Organicnanoparticlesusedincosmetics 267
10.4.1 Lipidnanoparticles 267
10.4.2 Polymericnanoparticles 269
10.5 Nanocarriersusedtoimprovethecosmeticingredient 270
10.5.1 Dispersionofinsolubleactives—reducingindustrial
productiontime 270
10.5.2 Chemicalinstability 271
10.5.3 Controlledrelease 273
10.5.4 Clinicalbenefitsinnanocosmetics—effectiveness 274
10.6 Conclusion 276
References 276
Index 279