Table Of ContentMiralem Mehic
Stefan Rass
Peppino Fazio
Miroslav Voznak
Quantum Key
Distribution
Networks
A Quality of Service Perspective
Quantum Key Distribution Networks
Miralem Mehic • Stefan Rass (cid:129)
Peppino Fazio (cid:129) Miroslav Voznak
Quantum Key Distribution
Networks
A Quality of Service Perspective
MiralemMehic StefanRass
DepartmentofTelecommunications, SecureSystemsGroup,LITSecureand
FacultyofElectricalEngineering CorrectSystemsLab
UniversityofSarajevo JohannesKeplerUniversity
Sarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina Linz,Austria
PeppinoFazio MiroslavVoznak
DepartmentofTelecommunications DepartmentofTelecommunications
VSB-TechnicalUniversityofOstrava VSB-TechnicalUniversityofOstrava
Ostrava,CzechRepublic Ostrava,CzechRepublic
ISBN978-3-031-06607-8 ISBN978-3-031-06608-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06608-5
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Miralem:toLejlaandmyfamily
Stefan:dedicatedtomylovingfamily
Peppino:tomylovelyfamily,mom,dad,and
Francesco
Miroslav:tomybelovedfamily
Acknowledgments
The research leading to the published results was supported by the Ministry of
the Interior of the Czech Republic under grant ID VJ01010008 within the project
NetworkCybersecurityinPost-QuantumEra.
WewouldliketothankOliverMaurhart,MarcinNiemiec,andEmirDervisevic
forhelpfuldiscussionsandcommentsonthemanuscript.
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Contents
1 FundamentalsofQuantumKeyDistribution............................. 1
1.1 Information-TheoreticSecrecy......................................... 4
1.2 QKDProtocols.......................................................... 6
1.2.1 BB84Protocol .................................................. 7
1.2.2 B92Protocol.................................................... 20
1.2.3 CV-QKD ........................................................ 21
1.3 KeyLength.............................................................. 23
1.4 Summary ................................................................ 24
References..................................................................... 24
2 QualityofServiceRequirements........................................... 29
2.1 QualityofService....................................................... 30
2.2 QualityofServiceConstraints.......................................... 30
2.3 QualityofServiceComponents........................................ 33
2.4 QKDNetworking ....................................................... 35
2.4.1 QKDNetworks ................................................. 37
2.4.2 QKDVirtualPrivateNetworking.............................. 42
2.4.3 IPsec............................................................. 45
2.4.4 IPsecandQKD ................................................. 53
2.4.5 PassiveandActiveEavesdropping............................. 61
2.4.6 QoSConstraintsinQKDNetwork............................. 62
2.5 SimilaritiesBetweenQKDandAdHocNetworking ................. 63
2.6 Summary ................................................................ 65
References..................................................................... 65
3 QualityofServiceArchitecturesofQuantumKeyDistribution
Networks...................................................................... 73
3.1 IntegratedServices...................................................... 74
3.1.1 RSVPProtocol.................................................. 78
3.1.2 ETSI004:QKDApplicationInterface ........................ 84
3.2 DifferentiatedServices.................................................. 89
3.2.1 DiffServComponents .......................................... 90
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3.2.2 ThePerHopBehavior(PHB)Classes......................... 91
3.2.3 Per-DomainBehavior(PDB)Metrics ......................... 92
3.2.4 ETSI014:ProtocolandDataFormatofREST-Based
KeyDeliveryAPI............................................... 93
3.3 MultiProtocolLabelSwitching......................................... 95
3.3.1 MPLSOperationandArchitectureBasics..................... 96
3.3.2 MPLSandQKD ................................................ 100
3.4 FlexibleQualityofServiceModel..................................... 102
3.5 Summary ................................................................ 104
References..................................................................... 105
4 QualityofServiceMediaAccessControlofQuantumKey
DistributionNetworks....................................................... 109
4.1 Post-ProcessingApplications........................................... 110
4.1.1 ImprovingErrorReconciliation................................ 115
4.1.2 Out-of-BandAuthenticationandKeyValidation.............. 119
4.2 OverlayQKDNetworking.............................................. 123
4.3 ImpactofQKDKeyManagement ..................................... 126
4.4 Summary ................................................................ 131
References..................................................................... 131
5 Quality of Service Signaling Protocols in Quantum Key
DistributionNetworks....................................................... 135
5.1 In-BandsignalingandQKD............................................ 137
5.1.1 QSIP:AQuantumKeyDistributionSignalingProtocol...... 137
5.2 Out-of-BandSignalingandQKD ...................................... 139
5.2.1 Q3P:QuantumPoint-to-PointProtocol........................ 140
5.2.2 RSVP............................................................ 144
5.3 Summary ................................................................ 147
References..................................................................... 147
6 QualityofServiceRoutinginQuantumKeyDistributionNetworks .. 151
6.1 RoutinginGeneral...................................................... 152
6.1.1 RoutingAlgorithms............................................. 152
6.1.2 RoutingArchitecture ........................................... 153
6.2 RoutingRequirementsinQKDNetworks............................. 154
6.3 AddressinginQKDNetworks.......................................... 158
6.4 RoutingProtocols....................................................... 159
6.4.1 DistanceVectorRoutingProtocols ............................ 160
6.4.2 LinkStateRoutingProtocols................................... 164
6.4.3 QKDRoutingBasedonLink-States........................... 167
6.5 GreedyPerimeterStatelessRoutingforQKDNetworks ............. 169
6.5.1 QKDLinkMetric............................................... 172
6.5.2 GreedyForwarding............................................. 176
6.5.3 Recovery-ModeForwarding ................................... 178
Contents xi
6.6 Summary ................................................................ 180
References..................................................................... 180
7 FromPoint-to-PointtoEnd-to-EndSecurityinQuantumKey
DistributionNetworks....................................................... 183
7.1 Single-PathTransmission:TrustedRelay.............................. 183
7.2 RelaxingtheTrustAssumption:MultipathTransmission............. 186
7.2.1 QuantifyingtheProbabilityofEavesdropping................ 187
7.2.2 QuantifyingtheProbabilityforaDoS......................... 199
7.2.3 QuantifyingMultipleSecurityGoals.......................... 200
7.3 WeaponizingtheDetectionofEavesdropping......................... 204
7.4 Summary ................................................................ 206
References..................................................................... 206
8 ModernTrendsinQuantumKeyDistributionNetworks ............... 209
8.1 QKDin5GNetworks................................................... 209
8.2 Measurement-DeviceIndependentQKD .............................. 215
8.3 QuantumRepeater ...................................................... 219
8.4 Summary ................................................................ 219
References..................................................................... 220
Acronyms
5G Thefifthgenerationofcellularnetworks
AAU ActiveAntennaUnit
AES AdvancedEncryptionStandard
AIT AustrianInstituteofTechnology
API ApplicationProgrammersInterface
ASMT ArbitrarilySecureMessageTransmission
ATM AsynchronousTransferMode
BBN BoltBeranekandNewman
BBU BaseBandUnit
BF Bellman-Ford
BGP BorderGatewayProtocol
CAC CallAdmissionControl
CC CommonCriteria
CIA Confidentiality-Integrity-Availability
CLI CommandLineInterface
CO CentralOffice
CV-QKD Continuous-VariableQKD
CVSS CommonVulnerabilityScoringSystem
DDoS DistributedDenial-of-Service
DH Diffie-Hellmankeyagreementprimitive
DHE EphemeralDiffie-Hellman(DHE)
DiffServ DifferentiatedServices
DIQKD Device-IndependentQuantumKeyDistribution
DoS Denial-of-Service
DSCP DifferentiatedServicesCodePoint
DSDV Destination-SequencedDistance-Vector
DU DigitalUnit
DV DistanceVector
DV-QKD DiscreteVariablesQKD
E2E End-to-End
ECN ExplicitCongestionNotification
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