Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes

664 Pages·12.1 MB·English

Geophysical Monograph Series
American Geophysical
GeophysicalM onogt'aphS et'ies
A. F. Spilhaus,J r., Managing Editor
1 Antarctica in the International Geophysical Year, A. P. Crary, L. M. Gould,E . O. Hulburt,
Hugh Odishaw, and Waldo E. Smith (editors)
2 Geophysicsa nd the IGY, Hugh Odishawa nd Stanley Ruttenburg (editors)
3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur Compounds, James P. Lodge, Jr. (editor)
4 Contemporary Geodesy, Charles A. Whitten and Kenneth H. Drummond (editors)
5 Physics of Precipitation, Helmut Wieckmann (editor)
(cid:127) The Crust of the Pacific Basin, Gordon A. Macdonald and Hisashi Kuno (editors)
7 Antarctic Research: The Matthew Fontaine Maury Memorial Symposium, H. Wexler, M. J.
Rubin, and J. E. Caskey, Jr. (editors)
8 Terrestrial Heat Flow, William H. K. Lee (editor)
9 Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas, Hyman Orlin (editor)
10 The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume in Honor of Merle A. Tuve, John S. Steinhart
and T. Jefferson Smith (editors)
11 Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, Glenn E. Stout (editor)
12 The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Leon Knopoff, Charles L. Drake, and
Pembroke J. Hart (editors)
13 The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, Pembroke J. Hart (editor)
14 The Structure and Physical Properties of the Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor)
15 The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy, Soren W. Henriksen, Armando Mantint, and Ber-
nard H. Chovitz (editors)
1(cid:127)3 Flow and Fracture of Rocks, H. C. Heard, I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter, and C. B. Raleigh (editors)
17 Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Environmental Effects, William C. Ackermann,
Gilbert F. White, and E. B. Worthington (editors)
18 The Upper Atmosphere in Motion: A Selection of Papers With Annotation, C. 0. Hines and
Colleagues
19 The Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and Its Margin: A Volume in Honor of George
P. Woollard, George H. Sutton, Murli H. Manghnani,a nd Ralph Moberly (editors)
20 The Earth's Crust, John G. Heacock (editor)
21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes, W. P. Olson
geophysical monograph 21
Quantitative Modeling
of Magnetospheric Processes
W. P. OLSON
editor
American Geophysical Union
Washington, D.C.
Publishedu nder the aegis of the AGU Geophys-
ical Monograph Board; Bruce Bolt, Chairman;
Thomas E. Graedel, Rolland L. Hardy, Barry E.
Parsons, George R. Tilton, and William R.
Winklet, members.
ISBN 0-87590-021-6
Copyright 1979 by the American GeophysicalU nion
1909 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006
Library of CongressC ard Number 79-84163
LITHOCRAFTERS, CHELSEA,
CONTENTS
OVt{ RVI EW
W. P. Olson
SECTION l .MAGNETIC FIELD SESSION
OVERVIEW
K. S. Pfitzer
QUANTITATIVE MODELINGO F PLANETARYM AGNETOSPHERIMC AGNETIC
FIELDS
THE SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT (cid:127)AGNETIC FIELD DATA SET 3S
R. L. McPherron
A METHODO F EVALUATINGQ UANTITATIVEM AGNETOSPHERFICIE LD 48
MODELS BY AN ANGULAR PARAMETER a
M. Sugiura and P. J. Poros
.MAGNETIC FIELD DISTORTIONS AT L = 3-4 INFERRED FROM SIMULTA- 64
NEOUS LOW AND HIGH ALTITUDE OBSERVATIONS OF RING CURRENT IONS
L. R. Lyons
MODELING THE MAGNETOSPHERIC MAGNETIC FIELD 77
W. P. Olson, K. A. Pfitzer, and G. J. Mroz
SELF-CONSISTENT THEORY OF A MAGNETOSPHERIC B-FIELD MODEL 86
K. Fuchs and G.-H. Voigt
CONJUGATE LOW ENERGY ELECTRON OBSERVATIONS MADE BY ATS-6 AND 96
DMSP-32 SATELLITES
C.-I. Meng
QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF THE EARTH'S INTERNAL FIELD -- STATUS 11o
AND FUTURE TRENDS
G. P. Mead
' SECTION 2 HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES SESSION
OVERVIEW 118
J. I. Vette
MODELING OF ELECTRON TIME VARIATIONS IN THE RADIATION 121
BELTS
K. Chan, M. J. Teague, N. Schofield, and J. I. Vette
THE SIGNATURES OF THE VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE OUTER
MAGNETOSPHERE IN THE PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF
ENERGETIC PARTICLES
H. I. West, Jr.
EFFECTS OF THE SOLAR WIND ON MAGNETOSPHERICD YNAMICS: 180
ENERGETIC ELECTRONS AT THE SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT
G. A. Paulikas and J. B. Blake
PITCH ANGLE DISTRIBUTIONS OF >30 keV ELECTRONS AT GEO- 203
STATIONARY ALTITUDES
P. R. Higbie, P. N. Baker, E. W. Hones, Jr., and
R. D. Belian
SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES: FROM THE CORONA TO THE 220
MAGNETOTAI L
E. a. Roelof
THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS ON COSMIC RAY 242
CUTOFF CALCULATIONS
K. A. Pf i tzer
SECTION 3 ELECTRIC FIELDS SESSION
OVERVIEW 253
D. P. Cauffman
SEMIEMPIRICAL MODELS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC 261
FIELDS
H. Volland
QUASISTATIC ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTSO N THE GEOS-1 281
AND GEOS-2 SATELLITES
A. Pedersen and R. Grard
GENERATION OF THE MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD 297
iNDUCED MAGNETOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS 316
G. J. Mroz, W. P. Olson, and K. A. Pfitzer
COUPLING OF MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORM ELECTRIC EFFECTS 326
INT0 THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
P. B. Hays and R. G. Roble
SECTION 4 LOW ENERGY PARTICLES SESSION
OVERVIEW 538
E. C. Whipple, Jr. and S. E. DeForest
ION COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS IN MAGNETOSPHERIC MODELING 340
D.T. Young
QUANTITATIVEM ODELSO F THE 0 TO 100 keV MID-MAGNETOSPHERIC 364
PARTICLE ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY BUDGET FOR SOLAR WIND-MAGNETOSPHERIC INTER-
ACTIONS
W. J. Heikkila
THE MAGNET0PAUSE LAYER AND PLASMA BOUNDARY LAYER OF 401
THE MAGNETOSPHERE
T. E. Eastman and E. W. Hones, Jr.
THE MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER' A STOPPER REGION FOR 412
A GUSTY SOLAR WIND
J. Lemaire
EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INTERPLANETARY CONDITIONS, 423
MAGNETOSPHERICF LUX TRANSFER, AND THE AL INDEX
STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE DEPENDENCE OF GEOMAGNETIC 436
ACTIVITY ON SOLAR WIND PARAMETERS
A MACROSCOPIC MODEL FOR FIELD LINE INTERCONNECTION 448
BETWEEN THE MAGNETOSPHERE AND THE INTERPLANETARY SPACE
G. H. Voigt and K. Fuchs
SECTION 5 MODELINGT ECHNIQUES SESSION
OVERVIEW 460
W. P. Olson and R. A. Wolf
A KINETIC APPROACH TO MAGNETOSPHERIC MODELING 462
E. C. (cid:127)7zipple, Jr.
ON CALCULATINGM AGNETIC AND VECTOR POTENTIAL FIELDS DUE 473
TO LARGE-SCALE MAGNETOSPHERIC CURRENT SYSTEMS AND IN-
DUCED CURRENTS IN AN INFINITELY CONDUCTING EARTH
J. L. Kisabeth
COMPUTERM ODELING OF EVENTS IN THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE 499
M. Harel, R. A. Wolf, P. H. Reiff, and M. Smiddy
MOTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE UNDER SIS
THE INFLUENCE OF A TIME-VARYING LARGE SCALE CONVECTION
ELECTRIC FIELD
P. H. Smith, N. K. Bewtra, and R. A. Hoffman
GLOBAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMISCIM ULATION OF THE TWO- 536
DIMENSIONAL MAGNETOSPHERE
J. N. Leboeuf, T. Tajima, C. F. Kennel, and J. M. Dawson
IONOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELDS DRIVEN BY FIELD-ALIGNED 557
CURRENTS
R. W. Nopper, Jr. and R. L . Carovil lano
(cid:127)N(cid:127)nUmNCm O(cid:127) EnEC(cid:127)C (cid:127)mnms ON c(cid:127)smm (cid:127)^(cid:127)cnm (cid:127)O(cid:127)ON
AND ELECTRON FLUXES AT SYNCHRONOUS ALTITUDES
J. C. Kosik
MAGNETIC SHELL TRACIFG: A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH 582
SHAPE INTEGRAL METHOD FOR MAGNETOSPHERIC SHAPES 592
F. O. Michel
SECTION 6 MODELING APPLICATIONS SESSION
OVERVIEW 599
H. B. Garrett
ENVIRONMENTALM ODEL NEEDS FOR SPACECRAFTI NTERACTIONS 602
S. E. DeForest
IONOSPHERIC AND MAGNETOSPHERICM ODELING FOR AIR FORCE 609
APPLICATIONS
CURRENT LEAKAGE FOR LOW ALTITUDE SATELLITES: MODELING 617
APPLICATIONS
A. fonradi, J. E. McCoy, and O.K. Garriott
THE RADIATION ENVIRONMENTA ND ITS EFFECTS ON SPACECRAFT 634
J. F. Janni and G. E. Radke
SECTION 7 REVIEW OF JULY 29, 1977 SUBSTORM 644
R. H. Manka
SECTION8 AN ANNOTATELDI ST OF EXISTING QUANTITATIVEM ODELS 647
OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PARTICLE AND FIELD FEATURES
MAGNETIC FIELD MODELS 647
ENERGETIC PARTICLE RADIATION MODELS 649
ELECTRIC - FIELD MODELS 650
KEY WORD LIST INDEX
Geophysical Monograph Se r i e s Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes Vol. 21
Introductory Remarks
There is somec onfusion concerning what is meant by quantitative
modeling. This is causedp rimarily by the existence of a wide variety
of model users. Quantitative models may be purely empirical, that is
based on data sets, semi-empirical, that is relying on physics whenever
appropriate and available, but the "holes" being filled in with data as
necessary, and finally purely physical models. It was apparent at the
meeting that most current quantitative modeling efforts at this point in
time are semi-empirical. This is partly because the physics of the
magnetospherei s not yet entirely understood. At the same time, however,
there is a large user communityt hat needs models that can accurately
describe magnetosphericf eatures. The.preponderanceo f semi-empirical
models results because current data sets describing various magneto-
spheric features and processes are limited. There is some additional
discussion of this topic in the section summaries. In particular,
Cauffman in his introduction to the electric field section makes the
useful distinction between "explanatory" and "representative" models.
It is believed that all kinds of modeling will continue becausa of the
various needs of the model user community.
The general purpose of the meeting was to bring together the authors
of newly developed quantitative models of magnetospheric features and
processes and have them exchange ideas and concerns with the model user
community, and with the collectors and analyzers of data. It was then
planned that by having these groups of people interact through the pre-
sentation of their papers and in discussion periods, the meeting output
would be an up-to-the-minute assessment of the effects to quantitatively
model magnetospheric features and processes. As was done at the 1975
conference on quantitative modeling, it was planned that this meeting
provide a "snap shot" of the progress being made in quantitative modeling.
While these conferences provide an up-to-date look at modeling activities,
there is within IAGA (International Association of Geomagnetism and
Aeronomy) a working group on magnetospheric models that continuously
seeks to monitor the same subject. Thus, the outputs of this meeting are
closely linked to the work on the IAGA group, and it was attempted to
have an international representation at the meeting. The meeting was
also timed to take piace so that these proceedingsw ould be helpful to
workers participating in the IMS (International Magnetospheric Study).
This volume therefore, in addition to containing papers from the meeting,
contains discussion on each of the meeting sessions and provides a sum-
mary of currently available quantitative models of several magnetospheric
features and processes. There were over 90 meeting participants with 14
foreign attendees. The general areas covered in the meeting were:
magnetospheric magnetic and electric fields, low and high energy particle
populations, model users, modeling techniques, and attempts at modeling
several magnetospheric features or processes simultaneously.
The meeting subject was restricted to quantitative models. These
models are distinct from the conjectural models (cid:127)"cartoon approxima-
Copyright American Geophysical Union
Geophysical Monograph Se r i e s Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric Processes Vol. 21
tions") that abound in the literature. A quantitative model has, as
its output, numbers which are meant to describe a magnetospheric feature
or processø These numbers may be compared with observations. The qual-
ity of the model can then be tested by comparing model output with
observation. Thus, the development and testing of quantitative models
is a natural step in the process of physically describing the magneto-
sphere.
Quantitative models are also necessary 'tools for users with practical
applications. In fact, it is these practical needs that have been
responsible for the development of many quantitative models. For example,
in the past decade quantitative descriptions of the high-energy particle
environment were required in the inner magnetosphere since this environ-
ment posed a radiation damaget hreat to vehicles operating in "near
earth orbital space." More recently attention has been given to modeling
the low-energy particle distribution, especially at geosynchronous orbit,
because of the threat that they pose to satellite hardware in the form
of charging and electrical arcing. Quantitative magnetospheric models
have in some instances been extrapolated from the setting of their de-
velopment (the earth's magnetosphere) and extended to planetary, stellar
and astronomical applications and thus are valuable to other sciences.
It is interesting to compare this conference with the 1975 AGU con-
ference on magnetospheric models. In 1975 the emphasis in magnetospheric
modeling was clearly the magnetic field. In the intervening years, the
emphasis has been shifted to the magnetospheric electric field. That is
not to say that interesting work is no longer being done on the magneto-
spheric magnetic field, but that good satellite DC electric field
data are now becoming available, finally making it possible to discuss
and describe its properties quantitatively. There has also been a trend
away from the development of static models and in their place an
increased emphasis has been placed on dynamic models. For example, in
1975 all of the models dealt with static magnetospheric features, like
the average configuration of the magnetic field. It is now agreed that
the average magnetic field configuration is well described, if not quite
so well understood. Of more interest are the time variations in the
magnetic field, electric field, and corresponding changes in the low-
energy particle populations. There now appears to be a trend away (cid:127)rom
the description of magnetospheric features (e.g., the magnetospheric
magnetic field) and toward the description of magnetospheric processes
(eog., the self-consistent particle and field description of the magne-
tospheric substorm). It is clear when these two meetings are compared,
that much progress has been made in the intervening three years. Hope-
fully, with all of the data that is becoming available during the IMS,
even more rapid progress will be made in the next few years in the quan-
titative modeling and understanding of magnetospheric processes.
The meeting sessions were initially confined to descriptions of the
magnetic and electric fields, low and high energy particles, and papers
by model users. However, it was found during the planning stages that
another very important subject was emerging. This resulted in a session
on "modeling techniques." In it several papers were presented in which
the interaction of charged particles with their electric and magnetic
field environment were quantitatively described. Also, several papers
concerned with the simplification of computer procedures necessary for
the understanding and quantitative descriptions of various magneto-
Copyright American Geophysical Union