Quantifying and Managing Soil Functions in Earth's Critical Zone Combining Experimentation and Mathematical Modelling

427 Pages·2017·29.59 MB·English

by  Steven A. Banwart and Donald L. Sparks (Eds.)

ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY
Advisory Board
PAUL M. BERTSCH RONALD L. PHILLIPS
University of Kentucky University of Minnesota
KATE M. SCOW ALFRED E. HARTEMINK
UniversityofCalifornia,Davis University of Wisconsin - Madison
Emeritus Advisory Board Members
JOHN S. BOYER MARTIN ALEXANDER
University of Delaware Cornell University
EUGENE J. KAMPRATH LARRY P. WILDING
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity Texas A&M University
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CONTRIBUTORS
M.Andrianaki
GeologicalInstitute,ETHZu€rich,Zu€rich,Switzerland
S.A.Banwart
KrotoResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofSheffield,Sheffield;IntegratingChairinSoil/
Agriculture/WaterResearch,SchoolofEarthandEnvironment,TheUniversityofLeeds,
Leeds,UnitedKingdom
S.M.Bernasconi
GeologicalInstitute,ETHZu€rich,Zu€rich,Switzerland
A.Blaud
KrotoResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
W.E.H.Blum
InstituteofSoilResearch,UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences(BOKU),
Vienna,Austria
F.Chabaux
LaboratoryofHydrologyandGeochemistryofStrasbourg(LHyGeS),Universityof
Strasbourg,Strasbourg,France
B.Dav´ıðsdo´ttir
EnvironmentandNaturalResources,UniversityofIceland,Gimli,Reykjav´ık,Iceland
P.deRuiter
WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
D.M.deSouza
InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearchCentre—European
Commission,Ispra,Italy
C.Duffy
ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,UnitedStates
G.V.Giannakis
TechnicalUniversityofCrete,SchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering,Chania,Greece
X.-Z.Han
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
€
J.O.G.Jo´nsson
EnvironmentandNaturalResources,UniversityofIceland,Gimli,Reykjav´ık,Iceland
M.Kercheva
InstituteofSoilScience,AgrotechnologyandPlantProtection“N.Poushkarov”,Sofia,
Bulgaria
xi
xii Contributors
M.Kotronakis
TechnicalUniversityofCrete,SchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering,Chania,Greece
P.Kra´m
CzechGeologicalSurvey,Prague,CzechRepublic
G.J.Lair
InstituteofSoilResearch,UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences(BOKU),
Vienna,Austria
N.Li
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
K.Liu
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
Y.-L.Liu
NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforEfficientUtilizationofSoilandFertilizer,Collegeof
ResourcesandEnvironment,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,Taian;National
ObservationStationofHailunAgro-ecologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
L.Lundin
SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden
M.Menon
KrotoResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofSheffield,Sheffield;SchoolofEarthand
Environment,TheUniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UnitedKingdom
K.Moirogiorgou
TechnicalUniversityofCrete,SchoolofElectronic&ComputerEngineering,Chania,
Greece
L.Montanarella
EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,SustainableResources,Ispra(VA),Italy
D.Moraetis
SultanQaboosUniversity,CollegeofScience,AlKhoudh,Oman
N.P.Nikolaidis
HydrogeochemicalEngineeringandSoilRemediationLaboratory;SchoolofEnvironmental
Engineering,TechnicalUniversityofCrete,UniversityCampus,Chania,Greece
M.Novak
CzechGeologicalSurvey,Prague,CzechRepublic
P.Panagos
EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,SustainableResources,Ispra(VA),Italy
Contributors xiii
S.K.Panakoulia
SchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofCrete(TUC),Chania,
Greece
N.V.Paranychianakis
SchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofCrete,UniversityCampus,
Chania,Greece
Y.-F.Qiao
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
K.V.Ragnarsdottir
SchoolofEngineeringandNaturalSciences,UniversityofIceland,Reykjav´ık,Iceland
D.A.Robinson
CentreforEcology&Hydrology,EnvironmentCentreWales,Bangor,UnitedKingdom
S.Rousseva
InstituteofSoilScience,AgrotechnologyandPlantProtection“N.Poushkarov”,Sofia,
Bulgaria
E.C.Rowe
CentreforEcology&Hydrology,ECW,Bangor,UnitedKingdom
J.Schiefer
UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences(BOKU),Vienna,Austria
T.Shishkov
InstituteofSoilScience,AgrotechnologyandPlantProtection“N.Poushkarov”,Sofia,
Bulgaria
F.E.Stamati
TechnicalUniversityofCrete,SchoolofEnvironmentalEngineering,Chania,Greece
J.Valstar
DeltaresSubsurfaceandGroundwaterSystems,Utrecht,TheNetherlands
B.vanderZaan
Deltares,SubsurfaceandGroundwaterSystems,Princetonlaan,Utrecht,TheNetherlands
P.vanGaans
Deltares,Utrecht,TheNetherlands
Y.Wang
KeyLaboratoryofAgro-ecologicalProcessesinSubtropicalRegions,ChangshaResearch
StationforAgriculturalandEnvironmentalMonitoring,InstituteofSubtropicalAgriculture,
ChineseAcademyofSciences,Hunan,China
L.Weng
WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
xiv Contributors
T.White
EarthandEnvironmentalSystemsInstitute,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,University
Park,PA,UnitedStates
S.-H.Yao
NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforImprovingFertilityofArableSoils,Instituteof
AgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,
Beijing,China
Y.Yigini
EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,SustainableResources,Ispra(VA),Italy
M.-Y.You
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
Y.-R.Yuan
CollegeofGeographicalScience,HarbinNormalUniversity,Harbin,PRChina
B.Zhang
NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforImprovingFertilityofArableSoils,Instituteof
AgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,
Beijing;NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryof
MollisolsAgroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,Chinese
AcademyofSciences,Harbin,PRChina
W.-X.Zou
NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisols
Agroecology,NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyof
Sciences,Harbin,PRChina
PREFACE
In March 2009 the UK Government’s Chief Scientist warned of a perfect
stormofconvergingglobalthreatstonaturalresources.Therisksaredriven
by growth in population, wealth and urbanization, and demands for food,
fuel,andcleanwaterduringaperiodofincreasingimpactsfromachanging
climate.Since2009,globalpopulationprojectionshaveincreased,thepro-
jectedrequirementsforproductivelandareestimatedtobebeyondEarth’s
environmentalcapacity,atmosphericgreenhousegaslevelscontinuetorise,
and the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
reportspredicteddeclinesinwateravailabilityandyieldsinkeyagricultural
regionsoftheworld.Globalsoilsareonthefrontlineofthesechallengesand
under tremendous pressure from intensifying land use.
ThisvolumeofAdvancesinAgronomyreportsscienceadvancesandinde-
pendent scientific evidence to help address the global soil challenge. The
research combines two scientific frameworks: the integrated, mechanistic
study of Earth’s Critical Zone, the thin surface layer of the planet from
“treetop to bedrock” that supplies most life-sustaining resources, and the
concept of soil functions as biophysical flows and transformations of mass,
energy, and biodiversity to deliver multiple environmental goods and ser-
vices. The research presented focuses on the mechanistic links between
the development of the internal pore structure of soil and the rates of soil
processes that define soil functions.
The work develops new data sets and mathematical models to quantify
the dynamics of soil structure and aggregation and applies the models and
parameter sets to characterize soils from a range of Critical Zone Observa-
tories that represent different stages in the development of soil functions.
The stages includeincipient soil development in an alpine glacial forefield,
throughproductivelanduseforforestryandarableagriculture,todegraded
soilunderthreatofdesertificationintheMediterraneanbasin.Applicationof
thenewdatatestshowobservationandsimulationcanbecoupledtoguide
beneficialinterventioninsoilsinordertoprotectandenhancesoilfunctions.
This collective work contributes along with other international efforts in
xv
xvi Preface
criticalzonescienceandinterdisciplinarysoilsresearchtoaresearchplatform
ofsites,datasets,andmodels.Suchplatformsforresearchoffertremendous
potentialforfargreaterinternationalcollaborationandmorerapiddevelop-
ment of solutions to the urgent challenges facing Earth’s soils.
Steven A. Banwart
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Leeds, United Kingdom
Donald L. Sparks
Newark, DE, United States
CHAPTER ONE
’
Soil Functions in Earth s Critical
Zone: Key Results and Conclusions
S.A. Banwart*,1,2, S.M. Bernasconi†, W.E.H. Blum{, D.M. de Souza§,3,
F.Chabaux¶,C.Duffy||,M.Kercheva#,P.Krám**,G.J.Lair{,L.Lundin††,
M. Menon*,4, N.P. Nikolaidis{{, M. Novak**, P. Panagos§§,
K.V. Ragnarsdottir¶¶, D.A. Robinson||||, S. Rousseva#, P. de Ruiter##,5,
P. van Gaans***, L. Weng##, T. White†††, B. Zhang{{{,§§§
*KrotoResearchInstitute,TheUniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UnitedKingdom
†GeologicalInstitute,ETHZu€rich,Zu€rich,Switzerland
{InstituteofSoilResearch,UniversityofNaturalResourcesandLifeSciences(BOKU),Vienna,Austria
§InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability,JointResearchCentre—EuropeanCommission,Ispra,Italy
¶LaboratoryofHydrologyandGeochemistryofStrasbourg(LHyGeS),UniversityofStrasbourg,
Strasbourg,France
jjThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,UnitedStates
#InstituteofSoilScience,AgrotechnologyandPlantProtection“N.Poushkarov”,Sofia,Bulgaria
**CzechGeologicalSurvey,Prague,CzechRepublic
††SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden
{{TechnicalUniversityofCrete,Chania,Greece
§§EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre,SustainableResources,Ispra(VA),Italy
¶¶SchoolofEngineeringandNaturalSciences,UniversityofIceland,Reykjav´ık,Iceland
jjjjCentreforEcology&Hydrology,EnvironmentCentreWales,Bangor,UnitedKingdom
##WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
***Deltares,Utrecht,TheNetherlands
†††EarthandEnvironmentalSystemsInstitute,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA,UnitedStates
{{{NationalEngineeringLaboratoryforImprovingFertilityofArableSoils,InstituteofAgriculturalResources
andRegionalPlanning,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing,China
§§§NationalObservationStationofHailunAgro-EcologySystem,KeyLaboratoryofMollisolsAgroecology,
NortheastInstituteofGeographyandAgroecology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Harbin,PRChina
2Correspondingauthor:e-mailaddress:[email protected]
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. ResearchMethods 6
3. OverviewofResults 16
4. Discussion 20
Acknowledgment 24
References 24
1 Present address: School of Earth and Environment, Earth Surface Science Institute, University of
Leeds,LeedsLS29JT,UnitedKingdom.
3 Presentaddress:DepartmentofEnergyandLandTechnology,TheSwedishUniversityofAgricultural
Sciences,75007Uppsala,Sweden.
4 Presentaddress:DepartmentofGeography,TheUniversityofSheffield,SheffieldS102TN,United
Kingdom.
5 Presentaddress:InstituteforBiodiversityandEcosystemDynamics,UniversityofAmsterdam,1090
GEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands.
AdvancesinAgronomy,Volume142 #2017ElsevierInc. 1
ISSN0065-2113 Allrightsreserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2016.11.001
2 S.A.Banwartetal.
Abstract
Thischaptersummarizesthemethods,results,andconclusionsofa5-yearresearchpro-
ject(SoilTrEC:SoilTransformationsinEuropeanCatchments)onexperimentation,pro-
cessmodeling,andcomputationalsimulationofsoilfunctionsandsoilthreatsacrossa
networkofEuropean,Chinese,andUnitedStatesCriticalZoneObservatories(CZOs).The
studyfocusedonthesoilfunctionsofbiomassproduction,carbonstorage,waterstorage
and transmission, water filtration, transformation of nutrients, and maintaining habitat
andgeneticdiversity.
Theprincipalresultsdemonstratethatsoilfunctionscanbequantifiedasbiophys-
icalflowsandtransformationsofmaterialandenergy.Thefunctionscanbesimulated
withmathematicalmodelsofsoilprocesseswithinthesoilprofileandatthecriticalzone
interfaces with vegetation and atmosphere, surface waters and the below-ground
vadosezoneandgroundwater.Anewdynamicmodelforsoilstructuredevelopment,
togetherwithdatasetsfromtheCZOs,demonstratebothseasonalfluctuationsinsoil
structure dynamics related to vegetation dynamics and soil carbon inputs, and
long-termtrends(decadal)insoilcarbonstorageandsoilstructuredevelopment.
Cross-site comparisonfor20soilprofiles atsevenfieldsiteswithvariationinsoil
type,lithology,landcover,landuse,andclimatedemonstratethatsitescanbeclassified,
using model parameter values for soil aggregation processes together with climatic
conditionsandsoilphysicalproperties,alongatrajectoryofsoilstructuredevelopment
fromincipientsoilformationthroughproductivelandusetooverlyintensivelanduse
withsoildegradation.
Anewmodelingcode,theIntegratedCriticalZonemodel,wasappliedwithparam-
etersetsdevelopedfromtheCZOsitedatatosimulatethebiophysicalflowsandtrans-
formationsthatquantifymultiplesoilfunctions.Processsimulationscoupledthenew
modelforsoilstructuredynamicswithexistingmodeling approachesforsoilcarbon
dynamics,nutrienttransformations,vegetationdynamics,hydrologicalflowandtrans-
port,andgeochemicalequilibriaandmineralweatheringreactions.Successfulcalibra-
tion, testing, and application of the model with data sets from horticulture plot
manipulationexperimentsdemonstratethepotentialtoapplymodelingandsimulation
tothescopinganddesignofnewpracticesandpolicyoptionstoenhancesoilfunctions
andreducesoilthreatsworldwide.
1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing human population and wealth are placing unprecedented
pressure on Earth’s soil and water resources. Drivers for resource demand
are a projected increase in human population to 9.7 billion by 2050
(Pison, 2013) with an associated quadrupling in the global economy
(Manders et al., 2012) and projected doubling in demand for food
(World Bank, 2008) and fuel (Manders et al., 2012) and a more than 50%