Table Of ContentQUALITY OF GRAPE AND APPLE FRUITS
AND THEIR PROCESSED PRODUCTS
By
Faten Anwar Abd-Eldaim Ahmed
B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Home Economic), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 2000
M.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Food Science) Fac .Agric. Minia Univ., 2006
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In
Agricultural Sciences
(Food Science)
Department of Food Science
Faculty of Agriculture
Cairo University
EGYPT
2016
Name of Candidate: Faten Anwar Ahmed Abd Eldaim Ahmed - Degree: Ph.D.
Title of Thesis: Effect of Pesticide Residues on the Quality of Grape and Apple Fruits
and their Processed Products
Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Abd EL-Rahman Mohamed Khalaf-Allah
Prof. Dr. Nagwa Mohamed ElShimi
Prof. Dr. Emam Abd Elmobdy Abdel Rahim
Dr. Alaa Aldin Mohsen Mohamed
Department: Food Science Approval: 30 / 7 /2016
ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to estimate penconazole and chlorfenapyr residue in
grape, apple fruits and their products, to determinate the rates of fungicides
dissipation, half-life values (RL ) and pre-harvest intervals (PHI) and analyzed
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physical, chemical and biologically. Applications of penconazole and chlorfenapyr
pesticides were carried out on grape and apple fruits grown in the open field at
Kalyoubia Governorate, samples were collected after (one hour, one day, 3, 5, 7, 9,
11, 15 and 21 days) of application. The pesticide residues were analyzed by GLC
and HPLC. The PHI time was 3 and 10 days after penconazole application for
grape and apple for fresh fruits or juices product. The PHI time was 21 day after
the chlorfenapyr application for grape and apple, that for fresh fruits or juices
product. The penconazole residue in grape and apple RL was 2. 62 and 1.11 days,
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respectively, while the RL for chlorfenapyr was 2. 86 and 2. 64 days for grape
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and apple, respectively. Viscosity, total acidity and T.S.S. observed slightly
alterations but not significant for fresh, juice or jam samples. The tested pesticides
were influenced (slightly increased) on minerals contents for grape and apple
samples. The slightly increased in ash by pesticides application was confirmed by
the increases in all minerals. Vitamins (A, B , B and C) content were slightly
1 2
decreased by pesticide application. Total phenols and flavonoids were decreased in
their juice or jam. Also, grape contained more amounts than apple. The decrease
values were lower in juice than those of jam for both fruits. Also, reducing and
non-reducing sugars were decreased. The sensory parameters had some variations
relative to each other under the conditions of penconazole and chlorfenapyr
applications. Feeding rats on the polluted products of fruits showed some toxicity
of penconazole or chlorfenapyr. Blood glucose, urea, creatinine and uric acid
content were increased by the pesticide ingestion. Albumin, globulin and Hb were
decreased relative to control. AST and ALT were increased in plasma. Also, the
highly elevation of plasma bilirubin is confirmed by the decreasing in Hb. The
observations were the same for all organs under study (liver, kidneys, heart and
spleen). The ingestion of penconazole and chlorfenapyr increased plasma lipids
profile fraction, but decreased protein profile fractions. Liver function and kidneys
function were inhibited under the ingestion of penconazole or chlorfenapyr.
Keywords: Pesticide, residues, Penconazole, Chlorfenapyr, MRLs, RL ,
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PHI, Minerals, Vitamins, Phenols, Flavonoids, Blood glucose,
Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid , Albumin, Globulin, AST, ALT.
INTRODUCTION
There has been interesting for the inclusion of fruits and
vegetables in the human diet, mainly for the health benefits
associated with their consumption (Liu et al., 2000 and Martin
et al., 2002). A major benefit from a higher intake of fruits may
be due to the increased consumption of vitamins , minerals and
dietary fiber other constituents that may lower the risk of cancer
and heart disease as well as prevent degenerative disease
including antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids,
flavonoids and other phenolics (Grassmann et al., 2002). These
compounds are found ubiquitously in edible plants and are
important constituents of the human diet. Epidemiologic studies
that analyze the health implications of dietary components must
estimate the intake in sample population. Therefore, the
availability of appropriate and complete food composition
datais crucial.
In this study edible portion of two popular fruit crops:
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) native to the Mediterranean
region, central Europe and southwestern Asia, from morocco
and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern
Iran (Robinson, 2001). In Egypt grapes are grown from Aswan
in the south to Alexandria in the north there are also numerous
hieroglyphic references from ancient Egypt. The grape is eaten
fresh, processed to make juice and jam or wine also dried to
produce raisins (Berkowitz, 1996).
Apple (Malus sylvestris) is one of the most popular and
favorite among the health conscious, fitness lovers who family
believes in the concept of health is wealth. This wonderful is
packed with rich phyto-nutrients that in the true sense,
indispensable for optimal health (Kalinowska, 2014).
Grape and apple have low calorized content and
relatively high nutritive value; they contain carbohydrate,
organic acids, fibers (pectins), tannins, aromatic substances and
enzymes. These substances determine nutritive value and taste
of fruits. These fruits are also rich in many minerals and
vitamins essential for the appropriate functioning of the human
organism, and rich in phenolic compounds, characterized by
relatively high antioxidant activity. These fruits influence
peristaltic movements slow down the absorption of
carbohydrates, increase lipid breakdown in the human
organism, enhance the sensation of satiety, reduce the levels of
total cholesterol, blood triglycerides and homocystein
concentrations and have a protective action on blood vessels
(Leong and Shui, 2002). Due to seasonal gluts and highly
perishable nature, considerable postharvest (0- 4 °C), they can
only be stored for 2-4 weeks (Pantastico, 1975).
Processing of fruits into value added products is the best
option to control the huge losses. Fresh fruits are utilized for the
preparation of jam and squash on a limited scale though they
could be canned, frozen, dried and made into juice, sauce and
confectionary (Vinson et al., 2001 and 2005).
Penconazole (Triazole) formulated as (conazol 10 % EC)
Penconazole is of great importance for the control of some
fungal disease such as Erysiphaceaeventurai SPP and of the
pathogenic Ascomycets, Basidiomyces and Deuteromycetes
especially on cucurbit, apples, grapes, pomefruit, ornamentals
and vegetables.
Chlorfenapyr formulated as challenger super 24 % SC.
This pesticide is using for control of many species of insects
and mites such as leprosis mite, colorde potato beetle,
Diamond-back moth, Heliothis SPP, Helicovepa SPP and
Tetranychus SPP especially on fruits and vegetables, its using in
resistance management programs for control the various cotton
pests (Pesticide Manual, 2000).
Diseases are common occurrence on plants, often having
asignificant economic impact on yield and quality, thus
managing diseases considered an essential component of
production for most crops. However, equally important is the
fact that grapes and apples have little or no inherent resistance
to several fungal diseases (Mike and Mizuho, 2009).
The diseases affect leaves, shoots and fruit. Leaf diseases
can drastically reduce photosynthesis and in extreme cases, can
cause defoliation. Also, fungal disease can vendor fruit unusual
and can very easily cause severe losses in yield (Miles et al.,
2010). Thus, pesticides are needed to control a disease during
the establishment and development of grape or apple, also to
increase productivity and to reduce blemishes (Green and
Spilker, 1986).
Pesticide residues could affect the ultimate consumes
especially when these commodities are freshly consumed. The
total dietary intakes of pesticide residues that remain on
agricultural commodities are known these residues. The levels
of pesticides residues are controlled by the maximum residue
limits (MRLs) which are established by each country (Zawiyah
et al., 2007).
The Aim of Study:
1-The pre-harvest intervals (PHI) for grape and apple with
tested pesticides (penconazole – chlorfenapyr).
2-The persistence of penconazole and chlorfenapyr on grape
and apple fruits under the normal field conditions.
3-The effect of processing methods (juice and jam) on the
persistence of pesticide residues.
4-The effect of pesticide treatments on the chemical
composition of grape and apple.
5-The biological evaluation on the experimental rats that
to treatment the intoxicated animal by pesticides (penconazole-
chlorfenapyr) using evaluating of liver and kidney functions,
blood hemoglobin, plasma sugar, lipid profile, protein profile.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
For centuries, pesticides have been used in agriculture to
enhance food production by eradicating unwanted insects and
controlling disease vectors. The use of pesticides caused severe
environmental and health hazards to organisms by used
recomanded dosesticides inpest control.
Considerable importance is given to functional food
which a part from their basic nutritional functions, provide
physiological benefits and play an important role in disease
prevention or slow the progress of chronic disease there has
been much more interest in the grape and apple as a medicinal
and nutritional product because of its multi-functional and their
great benefit in the human diet due to their several groups of
substances that are useful in disease risk treatments.
Grape in the non – climacteric fruit, botanically a true
berry that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of
genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam,
juice, jelly, vinegar, wine grape seed extracts, raisins and grape
seed oil.
Grapes are also used in some kinds of confectionery. In
Egypt the quantity exported in the year 2006 reached to 68, 296
tonnes (Heia, 2005). It is important to produce high quality table
grapes by producing crop with low residue levels by applying a
crop protection program that optimizes the use of plant
protection products according to integrated crop management
(ICM) integrates pest management (IPM) principles.
In the end, the partners have been working together first
to meet the demand for high – quality table grapes don’t exceed
the maximum residue levels established by codex or European
Union and second to bring down the level of residues of plant
protection products in the final produce without compromising
crop quality.
The fruits and their processing products
1- Grape
Grape is a fruiting berry of the deciduous woody vines of
the botanical genusVitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or they can be
used for making wine, jam, juice, jelly, grape seed extract,
raisins, vinegar and grape seed oil. Grapes are a non-climacteric
type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters.The cultivation of
the domesticated grape began 6.000 – 8.000 years ago in the
Near East. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant
position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000
years ago inGeorgia (Mukherjee, 2003).
Grapesarerichin polyphenolic phytochemical compound
anti-oxidant such as resveratrol whichreduces stroke risk by
altering the molecular mechanisms inside the blood vessels
(Bombardelli et al., 1995).
Black rot, downy mildew and powdery mildew are the
most destructive fungus disease of grapes, as well as insect
pests such as: grape berry moth, grape flea beetle and grapevine
beetle (Pesticide Manual, 2000).
2- Apple
Apple fruit is one of the most popular and favorite fruits
among the health conscious, fitness lovers who firmly believe in
the concept of “health is wealth.” This wonderful fruit is packed
with rich phyto-nutrients that, in the true sense, indispensable
for optimal health. The antioxidants in apple have several health
promoting and disease prevention properties, and thereby, truly
justifying the adage, “an apple a day keeps the doctor away
(Kalinowska, 2014).
Often called as the "nutritional powerhouse", the
potential health benefits they bring, with links to better and best
health, together with prevention of many diseases. The vitamins
present in apple are the key in maintaining red blood cells and
the nervous system in good health (Coelho et al., 2012).
Apple scab is the most serious disease. As a result, many
of fungicide sprays can be applied each season to control the
disease. Anystis baccarum is a commonly occurring predatory
mite in the orchards. The effects of three commonly used
Description:DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. In. Agricultural Sciences. (Food Science). Department of Food Science. Faculty of Agriculture. Cairo University. EGYPT. 2016 Title of Thesis: Effect of Pesticide Residues on the Quality of Grape and Apple Fruits and their hieroglyphic references from ancient Egypt.
