Quality control and production of biological control agents : theory and testing procedures

340 Pages·2003·1.806 MB·English

by  J C van Lenteren

Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents
Theory and Testing Procedures
i

Quality Control and Production of
Biological Control Agents
Theory and Testing Procedures
Edited by
J.C. van Lenteren
Laboratory of Entomology
Wageningen University
Wageningen
The Netherlands
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Quality control and production of biological control agents : theory and
testing procedures / edited by J.C. van Lenteren.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-688-4
1. Biological pest control agents. 2. Biological pest control agents
industry--Quality control. I. Lenteren, J.C. van.
SB975 .Q35 2003
632’.96--dc21 2002151406
ISBN 0 85199 688 4
Typeset by ColumnsDesign Ltd, Reading, Berkshire
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
PARTI. QUALITYCONTROLFORNATURALENEMIES
1. Need for Quality Control of Mass-produced Biological Control Agents 1
J.C. van Lenteren
2. Aspects of Total Quality Control for the Production of Natural Enemies 19
N.C. Leppla
PARTII. VARIABILITYINFORAGINGBEHAVIOUROFNATURALENEMIES
3. AVariable-response Model for Parasitoid Foraging Behaviour 25
L.E.M. Vet, W.J. Lewis, D.R. Papaj and J.C. van Lenteren
4. Variations in Natural-enemy Foraging Behaviour: Essential Element of a Sound
Biological-control Theory 41
W.J. Lewis, L.E.M. Vet, J.H. Tumlinson, J.C. van Lenteren and D.R. Papaj
5. The Parasitoids’Need for Sweets: Sugars in Mass Rearing and Biological Control 59
F.L. Wäckers
PARTIII. COPINGWITHVARIATIONINFORAGINGBEHAVIOUR
6. Managing Captive Populations for Release: a Population-genetic Perspective 73
L. Nunney
7. Adaptive Recovery after Fitness Reduction: the Role of Population Size 89
R.F. Hoekstra
8. The Use of Unisexual Wasps in Biological Control 93
R. Stouthamer
9. Comparison of Artificially vs. Naturally Reared Natural Enemies and Their
Potential for Use in Biological Control 115
S. Grenier and P. De Clercq
10. Pathogens of Mass-produced Natural Enemies and Pollinators 133
S. Bjørnson and C. Schütte
v
vi Contents
SECTIONIV. MASS-PRODUCEDNATURALENEMIES
11. Commercial Availability of Biological Control Agents 167
J.C. van Lenteren
12. Mass Production, Storage, Shipment and Release of Natural Enemies 181
J.C. van Lenterenand M.G. Tommasini
13. Regulation of Import and Release of Mass-produced Natural Enemies:
a Risk-assessment Approach 191
J.C. van Lenteren, D. Babendreier, F. Bigler, G. Burgio, H.M.T. Hokkanen, S. Kuske,
A.J.M. Loomans, I. Menzler-Hokkanen, P.C.J. van Rijn, M.B. Thomas and
M.G. Tommasini
SECTIONV. QUALITYCONTROLTESTINGOFNATURALENEMIES
14. Quality Assurance in North America: Merging Customer and Producer Needs 205
C.S. Glenister, A. Hale and A. Luczynski
15. State of Affairs and Future Directions of Product Quality Assurance in Europe 215
K.J.F. Bolckmans
16. The Relationship between Results from Laboratory Product-control Tests and
Large-cage Tests Where Dispersal of Natural Enemies is Possible: a Case-
study with Phytoseiulus persimilis 225
S. Steinberg and H. Cain
17. Quality of Augmentative Biological Control Agents: a Historical Perspective and
Lessons Learned from Evaluating Trichogramma 231
R.F. Luck and L.D. Forster
SECTIONVI. QUALITYCONTROLTESTS
18. Towards the Standardization of Quality Control of Fungal and Viral Biocontrol
Agents 247
N.E. Jenkinsand D. Grzywacz
19. Guidelines for Quality Control of Commercially Produced Natural Enemies 265
J.C. van Lenteren, A. Hale, J.N. Klapwijk, J. van Schelt and S. Steinberg
20. Basic Statistical Methods for Quality-control Workers 305
E. Wajnberg
Index 315
Contributors
D. Babendreier, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture,
Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
F. Bigler, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstrasse
191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
S. Bjørnson,Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova
Scotia, Canada B3H 3C3.
K.J.F. Bolckmans, Koppert Biological Systems, PO Box 155, 2650AD Berkel and Rodenrijs,
The Netherlands. e-mail [e-mail]
G. Burgio,Department of Agroenvironmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTA), University
of Bologna, via F. Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
H. Cain,Bio-Bee Biological Systems Sde Eliyahu, Bet Shean Valley, 10810 Israel.
P. De Clercq, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of
Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000
Ghent, Belgium.
L.D. Forster,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521, USA.
C.S. Glenister, IPM Laboratories, Inc., 980 Main Street, Locke, NY 13092-0300, USA. e-mail
[e-mail]
S. Grenier, UMR INRA/INSA de Lyon, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Intéractions,
Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Bât. Pasteur, 20 av. A. Einstein, 69621
Villeurbanne Cedex, France. e-mail [e-mail]
D. Grzywacz,CABI Bioscience, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA, UK.
A. Hale,The Bug Factory, 1636 East Island Highway, Nanoose Bay, British Columbia, Canada
V9P9A5.
R.F. Hoekstra, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703BD
Wageningen, The Netherlands. e-mail [e-mail]
H.M.T. Hokkanen,Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
N.E. Jenkins, CABI Bioscience, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA, UK. e-mail n.jenk-
[e-mail]
J.N. Klapwijk,Koppert Biological Systems, PO Box 155, 2650AD Berkel and Rodenrijs, The
Netherlands.
S. Kuske, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture,
Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
vii
viii Contributors
N.C. Leppla, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Natural
Area Drive, PO Box 110630, Gainesville, FL32611-0603, USA. e-mail [e-mail].ufl.edu
W.J. Lewis, Insect Biology and Population Management Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS,
PO Box 748, Tifton, GA31793, USA. e-mail [e-mail]
A.J.M. Loomans,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
R.F. Luck,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA92521, USA. e-
mail [e-mail]
A. Luczynski,Biobugs Consulting Ltd, 16279 30B Ave., Surrey, British Columbia, Canada V4P
2X7.
I. Menzler-Hokkanen, Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
L. Nunney, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
e-mail [e-mail]
D.R. Papaj,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
AZ 85721, USA.
C. Schütte, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, PO Box 8031,
6700EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
S. Steinberg, Bio-Bee Biological Systems Sde Eliyahu, Bet Shean Valley, 10810 Israel. e-mail
[e-mail]
R. Stouthamer, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH
Wageningen, The Netherlands. Present address: Department of Entomology, University of
California at Riverside, Riverside, CA92521, USA. e-mail [e-mail]
M.B. Thomas,CABI Bioscience, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA, UK.
M.G. Tommasini,CRPV (Centro Ricerche Produzioni Vegetali), Via Vicinale Monticino 1969,
47020-Diegaro di Cesena (FC), Italy. e-mail [e-mail]
J.H. Tumlinson, Insect Biology and Population Management Research Laboratory, USDA-
ARS, PO Box 14565, Gainesville, FL32604, USA.
J.C. van Lenteren,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH
Wageningen, The Netherlands. e-mail [e-mail]
P.C.J. van Rijn,CABI Bioscience, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7TA, UK.
J. van Schelt, Koppert Biological Systrems, PO Box 155, 2650AD Berkel and Rodenrijs, The
Netherlands.
L.E.M. Vet, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700EH
Wageningen, The Netherlands; and Netherlands Institure of Ecology, POBox 40, 6666 ZG
Heteren, The Netherlands. e-mail [e-mail]
F.L. Wäckers, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8031, 6700 EH
Wageningen, The Netherlands; and Netherlands Institute of Ecology, PO Box 40, 6666ZG
Heteren, The Netherlands. e-mail [e-mail]
E. Wajnberg,INRA, 37 Blvd du Cap, 06600 Antibes, France. e-mail [e-mail]
Preface
The use of biological control agents is increasing worldwide and there are now many
companies mass producing and selling such organisms. However, there is a great need for
quality control in the production and use of these natural enemies, because deterioration of
mass-reared biological control agents leads to failures in pest management. The area of
quality control is rather new for biological control workers. Therefore, the first book on this
topic specifically for biological control agents contains several chapters with background
information, before discussing the quality control guidelines that have recently been
developed.
The first section of the book is devoted to emergence of quality control for natural
enemies. In Chapter 1 the need for quality control for mass-produced biological control
agents is discussed. In Chapter 2 the aspects of total quality control for the production of nat-
ural enemies are described.
The second section of the book – the basis of variability in foraging behaviour of natural
enemies – comprises chapters dealing with background information on sources of variation
in behaviour that are regularly encountered, but not understood and often misinterpreted in
mass rearing. In Chapters 3 and 4, factors are analysed that induce the variability in
searching behaviour of natural enemies, and technologies are described that illustrate how to
manage this variation. Searching behaviour is influenced by the insect’s genetic constitution,
its physiological state and its experience. Chapter 5 presents an overview of the information
on the topic of food ecology of natural enemies, and illustrates that a certain physiological
state is needed before a natural enemy is able to search for hosts. These chapters make it clear
that insight into behavioural variability in the foraging behaviour of natural enemies is a pre-
requisite for proper mass rearing and efficient application of natural enemies in pest manage-
ment.
The third section focuses on how to cope with this variation. In Chapter 6 a population
genetic perspective is given on how to manage captive populations. Examples of adaptation to
captive rearing and of the trade-off with field performance are presented. Chapter 7 discusses
the effects of a transfer of natural enemies from the field to a mass production facility, such as
reduction of fitness and enhancing the possibility of fixation of deleterious mutations in the
population by genetic drift. Ways to prevent these negative effects are presented. In Chapter 8
the possibilities and advantages of unisexual reproduction for biological control are discussed.
Some evidence is found for two advantages of unisexual reproduction: (i) unisexuals are
ix
x Preface
cheaper to produce in mass rearing than sexuals, and (ii) in classical biocontrol projects they
are more easily established. In Chapter 9, mass production of natural enemies on artificial
media is reviewed, particularly with regard to their quality. Chapter 10 reviews pathogens of
mass-produced natural enemies and pollinators, and the effects of these pathogens on perfor-
mance of the infected organisms.
The fourth section gives an overview of the species of natural enemies that are mass
produced worldwide. Chapter 11 reviews the species that are commercially available.
Chapter 12 discusses mass production, storage, shipment and release of natural enemies. In
Chapter 13 the currently highly relevant topic of risk assessment of exotic natural enemies is
addressed.
The fifth section contains chapters that decribe developments towards quality control
testing of natural enemies. Chapter 14 gives an overview of developments in North America,
and Chapter 15 reviews the European situation. In Chapter 16 an addition to the currently
used laboratory quality control tests is described. Chapter 17 discusses quality in the context
of a biological control agent’s reproductive success in terms of the offsprings’ characteristics
that allow them to maximize their reproduction in the field on the targeted pest.
The sixth and final section deals with actual quality control tests. Chapter 18 illustrates
how quality control of fungal and viral biological control agents can be standardized.
Chapter 19 provides a description of the guidelines that are currently used for quality control
of commercially produced natural enemies, and discusses future improvements of these
guidelines. Chapter 20 presents basic statistical methods for analysis of the data obtained
with the quality control tests of the previous chapter.
The quality control guidelines described in this book will certainly undergo modifications
in the coming years. First, I expect that simple tests will be included to determine the flight
capacity of mass-reared biocontrol agents. Next, semi-field and field performance tests will
be developed. Finally, based on extensive testing by the mass production industry and com-
parison of results of the current tests with those of the new flight and performance tests, a
new set of criteria will likely evolve.
J.C. van Lenteren, October 2002, Perugia, Italy
Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands