Table Of ContentQuality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry
Be rnd W. Wenclawiak • Michael Koch
Ev sevios Hadjicostas
Editors
Quality Assurance
in Analytical Chemistry
Training and Teaching
Second Edition
Editors
Prof. Dr. Bernd W. Wenclawiak Dr. Michael Koch
Universität Siegen Universität Stuttgart
FB 8 Chemie Inst. Siedlungswasserbau
Inst. Analytische Chemie 1 Wassergüte-und
Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 Abfallwirtschaft
57068 Siegen Abt. Chemie
Germany Bandtäle 1
[email protected] 70569 Stuttgart
Germany
[email protected]
Dr. Evsevios Hadjicostas
Quintessence Enterprises Ltd.
Kennedy Business Center
Office 208
12-14 Kennedy Avenue
1087 Nicosia
Cyprus
[email protected]
The terms and definition taken from ISO 9004:2000, Fig. 1, Quality management systems-
guidelines for performance improvements, are reproduced with the permission of the
International Organization for Standardization, ISO. This standard can be obtained from any
ISO member and from the Web site of the ISO Cental Secretariat with the following address:
www.iso.org. Copyright remains with ISO.
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
ISBN978-3-642-13608-5 e-ISBN978-3-642-13609-2
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-13609-2
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010932320
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Foreword to the Second Edition
The first edition of this book came out 2004 and it has been proven very popular
with over 1,000 copies sold. With the rapid changes in this field and the
publication of the new standard in terminology ISO Guide 99 (VIM3) a decision
was taken to make an update. All chapters have been revised in order to follow the
terminology in VIM3. The main work of the update was performed by Michael
Koch. In this edition also two contributors have taken part in the work, Michael
Gluschke and Bertil Magnusson. The number of slides has increased from 756 to
slightly more than 800 and the slides in the accompanied electronic material are
now available in both English and German. A programme for control charts was
added to the electronic material.
Important chapter updates:
• Measurement uncertainty: Since 2004 there has been considerable development
in approaches to estimation of uncertainty and this chapter has been consider-
able revised and expanded in order to take into account new guidelines. Main
difference is that several ways of estimating measurement uncertainty are
know full acceptable and the analyst is free to choose approach dependent on
scope and data availability.
• Calibration: Considerable feedback showed that there was room for
improvement. The chapter has been fully revised based on this feedback from
readers which we here would like to acknowledge.
• Validation of analytical methods: We all know that validation is to assess
fitness for intended purpose. It was therefore logical to combine the separate
chapters on Fit for purpose and Validation in the first edition into one chapter.
Bertil Magnusson
Foreword to the First Edition
The application of Quality Assurance (QA) techniques has led to major improve-
ments in the quality of many products and services. Fortunately these techniques
have been well documented in the form of guides and standards and nowhere more
so than in the area of measurement and testing, particularly chemical analysis.
Training of analysts and potential analysts in quality assurance techniques is a
major task for universities and industrial and government laboratories. Re-training
is also necessary since the quest for improvements in quality seems to be never
ending.
The purpose of this book is to provide training material in the convenient form of
PowerPoint slides with notes giving further details on the contents of the slides.
Experts in the relevant topic, who have direct experience of lecturing on or
utilising its contents, have written each chapter. Almost every aspect of QA is
covered from basic fundamentals such as statistics, uncertainty and traceability,
which are applicable to all types of measurement, through specific guidance on
method validation, use of reference materials and control charts. These are all set
in the context of total quality management, certification and accreditation. Each
chapter is intended to be self-contained and inevitably this leads to some
duplication and cross-references are given if there is more detailed treatment in
other chapters.
The accompanying CD contains over 700 PowerPoint slides, which can be used
for presentations without any or with little modification and there are extensive
lists of references to the guides and standards that can be used to amplify the notes
given with each slide. The use of the material in this book should considerably
reduce the time and effort needed to prepare presentations and training material.
Alex Williams
Preface and Introduction
The importance of quality assurance of chemical measurements not only for
global trade but also for a global society has been characterized in a statement by
Paul de Bièvre, one of the forerunners concerned about analytical results and their
use in widespread applications:
Chemical measurements are playing a rapidly expanding role in modern
society and increasingly form the basis of important decisions.
Acceptability of food is dependent on a knowledge of its ingredients e.g. how pure
is the drinking water or is there acrylamide in french fries or other fried food
preparations, how much vitamin C, or ß-carotene, or proline is there in juices,
what preservatives are there in bread, sausages or other food preparations? Alloys
have to meet certain specifications to be used in tools, machinery or instruments.
The price of platinum ores or used catalytic converters from cars depends on the
platinum content. There are many more examples. This shows the importance of
correct analytical results.
The question is: Why are correct analytical results so important today?
The following statements help to understand why:
For correct decisions one needs regulations (e.g. ISO standards).
• Regulations mean limits have to be set and controlled.
• Regulations have an impact on commercial, legal or environmental decisions.
• Quality of traded goods depends on measurements that in turn can be trusted.
(Measurements have to be of good quality and reliable.)
• Good measurements require controllable and internationally accepted and
agreed procedures.
High quality measurements require qualified specialists. A specialist needs not
necessarily a university degree in chemistry. Anyone who is well trained and
familiar with the field can become a specialist. However specialists need
re-training and their knowledge updating on a regular basis. To help with under-
standing the different topics involved and to provide a sound basis for quality
assurance in an analytical laboratory and also to provide material for teaching and
(self) training we have compiled a series of chapters by different authors covering
the most important topics. The transparencies are intended for teaching purposes
but might also be suitable to give an overview of the subject. We hope that our
work will reduce the burden of finding all this information yourselves. All
information in this edition has been updated or corrected to the best of our
Description:This new edition of a successful textbook has been completely revised and enlarged. In particular the chapters on measurement uncertainty, calibration and validation are practically all new. The authors provide an in-depth but easy to understand coverage of quality assurance for chemical measurement
