Table Of ContentAnalog Circuits and Signal Processing
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MohammedIsmail
TheOhioStateUniversityDept.Electrical&ComputerEngineering
Dublin,Ohio,USA
MohamadSawan
ÉcolePolytechniquedeMontréal
Montreal,Québec,Canada
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/7381
Mohammad Elbadry (cid:129) Ramesh Harjani
Quadrature Frequency
Generation for Wideband
Wireless Applications
MohammadElbadry RameshHarjani
QualcommTechnologiesInc. DepartmentofECE
SanDiego UniversityofMinnesota
California Minneapolis
USA Minnesota
USA
ISSN1872-082X ISSN2197-1854(electronic)
AnalogCircuitsandSignalProcessing
ISBN978-3-319-13787-2 ISBN978-3-319-13788-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-13788-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2015933651
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
© SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015
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Tomydearparents...
Preface
This book provides an overview on quadrature generation techniques for wireless
transceivers.ThemainfocusisonLCquadratureVCO(QVCO)design.Thebook
triestoprovideasimpleandintuitiveunderstandingoftheoperationofquadrature
LCVCOs,aswellasadiscussionoftheirdrawbacksandlimitations.Thediscussion
isprovidedfromadesigner’sperspective,allowingasimpleunderstanding.Basedon
thisunderstanding,ageneralclassificationofthequadratureLCVCOtechniquesin
literatureisprovided,togetherwiththeadvantagesandlimitationsofeach.Building
onthisunderstanding,twonewquadraturecouplingtechniquesareintroduced.The
firsttechniqueallowsrobustquadraturecouplingwithreducedphase-noise,byusing
a simple modification of the conventional QVCO. The coupling scheme doesn’t
require any frequency-sensitive coupling networks, or complex transformer-based
designs.Thesecondtechniqueistargetedatmillimeter-waveapplications,allowing
a wide-tuning range QVCO design at 60 GHz and beyond. This is all culminated
by the introduction of a frequency-synthesis scheme for a 4 GHz instantaneous
bandwidthchannelizedreceiver.Injectionlockingtechniquesareused,togetherwith
QVCOs,togeneratetwosimultaneousquadratureLOsat20GHzand22GHzusing
asingle-ended,single-phase,1.33GHzreferenceclock.
vii
Contents
1 WidebandTransceivers:Challenges .............................. 1
1.1 SoftwareDefinedRadio ..................................... 2
1.2 FrequencyChannelization ................................... 3
1.3 Organization............................................... 5
2 QVCO:ConceptsandClassification.............................. 7
2.1 QuadratureVCOs:anOverview .............................. 7
2.2 ClassificationofQVCOTechniques ........................... 10
2.2.1 Phase-ShiftingBasedQVCOs.......................... 10
2.2.2 Super-Harmonic-CouplingBasedQVCOs ............... 13
2.2.3 Direct-CouplingVariants .............................. 15
2.3 Conclusion ................................................ 18
3 QVCOwithComplementaryCoupling ........................... 19
3.1 Introduction ............................................... 19
3.2 ProposedArchitecture....................................... 19
3.2.1 Motivation.......................................... 19
3.2.2 CoreVCOChoice.................................... 20
3.2.3 FullQVCO ......................................... 21
3.3 PrototypeDesign........................................... 24
3.3.1 MeasurementResults ................................. 28
3.4 Conclusions ............................................... 33
4 mm-WaveQVCO .............................................. 35
4.1 Introduction ............................................... 35
4.2 Motivation ................................................ 35
4.3 ProposedQVCO ........................................... 37
4.3.1 PrototypeDesign .................................... 39
4.3.2 Measurements....................................... 44
ix
x Contents
5 QuadratureInjectionLockingforChannelizedReceivers........... 47
5.1 Introduction ............................................... 47
5.2 SystemOverview........................................... 48
5.2.1 PulseSlimmer....................................... 49
5.2.2 BandpassFilter ...................................... 50
5.2.3 InjectionLockedFrequencyDivider .................... 51
5.2.4 InjectionLockedFrequencyTripler ..................... 52
5.3 Circuits................................................... 52
5.3.1 PulseSlimmer....................................... 52
5.3.2 BandpassFilter ...................................... 53
5.3.3 InjectionLockedFrequencyDivider .................... 57
5.3.4 InjectionLockedFrequencyTripler ..................... 60
5.3.5 ChipFloorplan ...................................... 61
5.4 EMDesignMethodology .................................... 63
5.5 MeasurementsandDiscussion................................ 64
5.6 Conclusions ............................................... 72
6 Conclusions ................................................... 73
References........................................................ 75
List of Figures
Fig.1.1 Evolutionofthecell-phone[1]........................................ 2
Fig.1.2 Evolutionofthecellulardatarates[2]................................ 2
Fig.1.3 TheoriginalMitolaSDRarchitecture................................ 3
Fig.1.4 Atypicaldirect-conversionreceiver................................... 3
Fig.1.5 ADCpowerconsumptionversussamplingrate(f )................ 4
s
Fig.1.6 Frequencychannelization.............................................. 4
Fig.2.1 ThebasicstructureofanLCQVCO.................................. 8
Fig.2.2 Injectionvoltagesandcurrentsinone-halfofaQVCO............. 9
Fig.2.3 Gateanddrainvoltages,anddraincurrentoftransistorsM
c3
andM ................................................................... 9
c4
Fig.2.4 Conceptualphase-shiftbasedLCQVCO............................ 10
Fig.2.5 Phase-shiftbasedQVCOwithR-Csource-degeneration........... 11
Fig.2.6 Phase-shiftbasedQVCOusingresistorsincouplingpath......... 12
Fig.2.7 Phase-shiftQVCOwithacurrentsummationandcapacitive
degenerationandbfrequency-independentcurrentinjection...... 12
Fig.2.8 Conceptualsuper-harmonic-couplingbasedLCQVCO............ 13
Fig.2.9 Super-harmoniccoupledQVCOemployingtransformers.......... 14
Fig.2.10 Frequencydoublerbasedsuper-harmonicQVCO................... 15
Fig.2.11 Super-harmonicQVCOwithcross-coupledtailtransistors........ 15
Fig.2.12 Series-coupledLCQVCO(withcouplingtransistorsontop)...... 16
Fig.2.13 LCQVCOwithback-gatecouplingscheme......................... 17
Fig.2.14 Simplifiedschematicoftransformer-coupledQVCO............... 17
Fig.3.1 CoreVCOoftheproposedscheme................................... 20
Fig.3.2 TheproposedQVCO................................................... 21
Fig.3.3 Currentandvoltagewaveformsofthecouplingtransistors........ 22
Fig.3.4 InjectioncurrentandoutputvoltageforPMOScoupling
(simulated)............................................................... 23
Fig.3.5 InjectioncurrentandoutputvoltageforNMOScoupling
(simulated)............................................................... 23
Fig.3.6 PMOSandNMOScoupledQVCOsphase-noise................... 24
Fig.3.7 Designedprototypewithclass-ABcomplementarycoupling...... 25
Fig.3.8 Outputfrequencyoftheprototypeversustuningword............. 25
xi
