Qing Governors and Their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644-1796, New Edition

475 Pages·2013·2.55 MB·English

by  R. Kent Guy

Qing Governors and Their Provinces
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Qing Governors and Their Provinces
The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China,
1644–1796
R. KenT Guy
A China Program Book
university of washington press
Seattle and London
This book was supported in part by the China Studies Program, a division of the
Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington,
and by the Donald R. Ellegood International Publications Endowment.
© 2010, 2013 by the University of Washington Press
Printed in united States of America
18 17 16 15 14 13 5 4 3 2 1
All rights reserved. First edition 2010. Revised edition 2013. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means ,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
university of Washington Press
PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145, uSA
www.washington.edu/uwpress
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Guy, R. Kent, 1948–
Qing governors and their provinces : the evolution of territorial
administration in China, 1644–1796 / R. Kent Guy.
p. cm. — (A China Program book)
ISBn 978–0–295–99295-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. China—History—Qing dynasty, 1644–1912.
2. China—Politics and government—1644–1912.
3. Governors—China—History—17th century.
4. Governors—China—History—18th century.
5.Chinese provinces—History—17th century.
6.Chinese provinces—History—17th century.
7.China—Territories and possessions—Politics and government—17th century.
8. China—Territories and possessions—Politics and government—18th century.
I. Title. DS754.25.G89 2010 951’.032—dc22 2010001806
The paper used in this publication is acid-free and recycled from at least
30 percent post-consumer waste. It meets the minimum requirements of American
national Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ansi z39.48–1984. ∞ A
To the memories of
Robert S.
and
Ernestine Guy
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Contents
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 3
part i
1. The Burdens of History: Pre-Qing Territorial Government 21
2. The Qing Creation of the Province 47
3. The Conundrum of Competence 79
4. The Power of the unexpected 111
5. The Imperatives of Continuity 146
part ii
6. The Legacy of Military Occupation: The north and the northwest 183
7. negotiated Orders: The Lower yangzi Valley and the Southeastern Coast 231
8. Regions into Provinces: The Middle yangzi and Lingnan 287
9. Communications and Provincial Government in Southwest China 326
Conclusion 352
Appendix 365
Abbreviations 370
notes 371
Chinese Glossary 419
Bibliography 425
Index 441
vii
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Tables
1.1 First Appointments of Ming Grand Coordinators 38
2.1 Changes in Governors’ Postings in the early Qing 51
2.2 Locations of Ming Grand Coordinators and Qing Governors 53
2.3 Ming and Qing Territorial Administration 57
2.4 Intra-Province Promotions, 1700–1900, by Reign and Province 69
2.5 Promotion to Governor, by Province, 1700–1900 72
2.6 Land Tax Remittances and Promotions, by Province, 1700–1900 73
3.1 Term Lengths of Qing Governors, 1700–1900 84
3.2 Longest-Serving Governors of Qing China 85
3.3 effects of unforeseen Circumstances on Term Lengths, 1700–1900 86
3.4 Term Lengths under Different Qing Monarchs, 1700–1900 87
3.5 Governors’ Term Lengths and Time Spent Governing, 1700–1900 89
3.6 Governors’ Term Lengths and Likelihood of Promotion, 1700–1900 90
3.7 Governors Who Received Outstanding Recommendations in Qing
China 94
3.8 Counties, Departments and Subprefectures under Control of
Governors, 1899 102
3.9 Transfer and Petition Posts, 1899 103
4.1 Special Appointments, by Reign, 1700–1900 113
4.2 years of unusual Personnel Activity during the Qing 115
4.3 Grand Council Clerks Who Became Governors, Qianlong Reign 133
5.1 Governors Dismissed and Reappointed, Qianlong Reign 161
5.2 Positions Held by Special Appointees at Time of Appointment,
1700–1900 165
5.3 Governors from the Six Boards 165
5.4 Lateral Appointments, by Province, 1700–1900 172
5.5 Lateral Transfer Ratios, by Province, 1700–1900 174
5.6 Sample Careers, 1700s 175
6.1 Shandong Governors Dismissed, 1600s and 1700s 192
6.2 Governors-General in the northwest 211
7.1 Governors of Jiangsu 241
8.1 Hunan Governors with experience in Other Provinces, Mid-1700s 293
ix