Pyrolysis of Biomass for Fuels and Chemicals

289 Pages·2020·31.469 MB·English

by  Akwasi A. Boateng

Pyrolysis of Biomass
for Fuels and Chemicals
Pyrolysis of Biomass
for Fuels and Chemicals
Akwasi A. Boateng
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Contents
Abouttheauthor xi
Abbreviations xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Biomassconversiontechnologies 1
1.2 Biomassdecompositionandpyrolysisproducts 5
1.3 Pyrolysiskinetics 9
1.4 Reactortechnologiesforfastpyrolysis 10
1.5 Liquidproductdistribution 14
1.6 PyrolysisandtheUSnationalbiofuelsagenda 15
1.7 FeedstockchallengesandU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureapproach 18
1.8 Pyrolysistechnologieslogicmodel 19
References 20
2 Thermalpyrolysis 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Space-timeevolutionofpyrolysisproductsinafluidizedbed 25
2.3 Pyrolysisproductyield 28
2.4 Product’sphysicalandfuelproperties 31
2.5 Productstability 33
2.6 Productchemicalcompositionanddistribution 35
2.7 Effectoftemperature 44
2.8 Sustainability 46
References 47
3 Catalyticfastpyrolysis 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Fluidcatalyticcrackingofbio-derivedfeedstock 50
3.3 Screeningcatalysts forbiomasscatalyticfastpyrolysis 53
3.4 Scale-upintocontinuousprocesswithdownselect catalysts 62
3.5 Catalystsdeactivationandregeneration 65
3.6 Exsitucatalyticpyrolysis 69
3.7 Catalyticpyrolysisandmetalsbalance 70
3.8 Metal-modifiedZSM-5catalystsforbiomasspyrolysis 72
3.9 Start-upchallengesofcommercialcatalyticfastpyrolysisbiorefineries 77
References 80
viii Contents
4 Reactivepyrolysis 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Tailgasreactivepyrolysis 84
4.3 Temperatureeffectondeoxygenation 96
4.4 Hydropyrolysis 99
4.5 Copyrolysiswithplastics 104
4.6 Otherreactiveenvironments—solvents 112
References 117
5 Condensed-phasepyrolysisoilupgrading 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Screeninghydrodeoxygenationcatalystswithmodelcompounds 120
5.3 Hydrodeoxygenationofpyrolysisoils 121
5.4 Distillation 135
5.5 Infrastructurecompatibilityofhydrodeoxygenationproducts 141
5.6 Extraction 143
5.7 Transferhydrogenation 143
References 146
6 Combustionapplicationsofpyrolysisliquids 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Characteristicsofpyrolysisoil—fuelblendsforcombustion 152
6.3 Pyrolysisoil/dieselfuelemulsions 159
6.4 Steadystatecombustion 167
References 171
7 Pyrolysisconversiontechnologysystemsandintegration 173
7.1 Introduction 173
7.2 Developmentalscales 174
7.3 Distributedon-farm/in-forestbiorefining 179
7.4 Integratedpyrolysisbiorefinerysystems 183
References 189
8 Biorefineryperformancemeasurements 191
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Massbalance,energy,andexergyanalysis 192
8.3 Economicsofproductionandcombustionofpyrolysisoil 197
8.4 Economicsofcolocatedpyrolysisbiorefinery 204
8.5 Techno-economicandexergeticlifecycleassessment 210
8.6 Economicsofcofeedingpyrolysisoilwithvacuum gasoilin
petro/biorefinery 215
References 219
Contents ix
9 Energycrops—biomassresourcesandtraits 221
9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Harvesttimeandcultivaronfastpyrolysis 224
9.3 Mineralcompositionaleffectsonpyrolysisproducts 229
9.4 Implicationsforoptimalharvesttime 232
9.5 Proteinaceousenergycrops 234
References 238
10 Pyrolysissolidcoproductsandusage 239
10.1 Introduction 239
10.2 Biocharcharacterization 240
10.3 Biocharapplications 244
10.4 Bio-greencoke 252
References 256
AppendixtoChapter6 259
Index 267
About the author
Dr. Boateng is aproductofOpokuWareand St.Augustine
Schools in Ghana. He received a combined BS/MS degree
in mechanical engineering in the former Soviet Union, an
MS in thermochemical engineering, and a PhD in metals
and materials engineering from the universities of New
Brunswick and British Columbia of Canada, respectively.
He taught thermo-fluids engineering at the University of
Guyana in South America and at Swarthmore College in
Pennsylvania before transitioning to industry and eventu-
ally to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
research laboratories where, for over 16 years, he led
Congress-appropriated projects as lead scientist, including “Distributed-Scale
Pyrolysis of Agricultural Biomass for Production of Refinable Crude Bio-Oil and
Valuable Coproducts” (2009(cid:1)14); “Farm-Scale Pyrolysis Biorefining” (2014(cid:1)19);
and “Thermo-Catalytic Biorefining” (2019(cid:1)) all aimed to fulfill US energy inde-
pendence and mitigate climate change through the replacement of fossil resources
with biorenewable, fungible fuels under the 2007 US Energy Independence &
Security Act. He was the 2012 recipient of the USDA-US Department of Energy
(DOE) biomass R&D Initiative (BRDi) competitive grant and served as the
Principal Investigator (PI) for a 5-year project “FarmBio3” (Distributed On-Farm
Bioenergy, Biofuels & Biochemicals). Aside from this, he was co-PI on the first
BRDi grant awarded to a Honeywell-UOP led consortium, “Stabilization of Fast
Pyrolysis Oils” (2009(cid:1)12) that was followed up by the DOE-led National
Advanced Biofuels Consortium funded under Green Stimulus of the American
RecoveryPlan(2010(cid:1)13);hewasalsoco-PIonthe2011BRDigranttoMetabolix,
“Renewable Enhanced Feedstocks for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts
(REFABB),” (2011(cid:1)14); co-PI, with other Agricultural Research Service scientists,
onCenUSA,aUSDANationalInstituteofFoodandAgriculture(NIFA)sponsored,
Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) investigating the creation of a Midwestern
UnitedStatessustainablebiofuelsandbioproductssystems(2010(cid:1)17);co-PIonthe
Penn State university CAP, NEWBio Bioenergy Consortium, a 5-year USDA-
NIFA-funded effort to develop the sustainable biofuels industry in the Northeast
United States (2011(cid:1)18). He garnered over $11M in research grants as PI or co-PI
in competitive grants and over $90 million in nationwide group funding during his
tenure at the USDA. He has published over 165 scientific papers, 135 of which are
in peer reviewed journals; 133 scientific conference abstracts; and an inventor on
xii Abouttheauthor
six issued patents with two patents pending. He has served on several editorial
boards as associate editor most fittingly the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers (AIChE) journal of Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy and
Springer’sBioEnergyResearch.
Prior to USDA, he spent 10 years in the minerals and materials industry as pro-
cess design engineer, manager of research and production engineering, and chief
engineer overseeing the design, installation, and operation of large, energy-
intensive industrial furnaces for minerals beneficiation. He is the author of—Rotary
Kilns, Transport Phenomena & Transport Processes—Butterworth-Heinemann
Publishers and founder and principal of Alpha Thermal Process, LLC, a process
engineering consulting that advises the industry on thermal process design, applica-
tionsandoptimization.
His scholarly awards include a Fulbright Fellow and visiting Scholar (Kansas
State University, 1988); fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(2008); senior member of the AIChE; founding member of the North America
Pyrolysis Network Group, including representing USDA on the observer status at
the IEA Bioenergy Task force 34—pyrolysis (2007(cid:1)15); visiting expert at
EMPRAPA Agroenergy’s science without borders program, (Brasilia, 2012(cid:1)16);
USDA-Foreign Agricultural Service consultant on Energy and Climate Change
Partnership of the Americas, ECPA (Cenicafe, Colombia, 2013(cid:1)15). He was the
first recipient of the US symposium Series’ Thermo-catalytic Conversion Science
career achievement award for his contributions to thermal and catalytic sciences for
biofuelsandbio-basedproducts(2018).