Table Of ContentPVT Property Correlations
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PVT Property
Correlations
Selection and Estimation
Ahmed El-Banbi
Professor and Chair of Department,Petroleum Engineering,
AUC,Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed Alzahabi
Assistant Professor,University ofTexasof thePermianBasin,Odessa,
TX, United States
Ahmed El-Maraghi
Senior Petroleum Engineering,Qarun Petroleum Company,Cairo, Egypt
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Contents
Biographies xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1. Introduction 1
ImportanceofAccuratePVTProperties 1
SaturatedandUndersaturatedReservoirs 3
CommonModelsforPVTModeling 5
Black-OilModels 5
ModifiedBlack-Oil(MBO)Models 7
CompositionalModels 8
Nomenclature 9
References 10
Problems 11
2. Reservoir-Fluid Classification 13
ReviewofReservoir-FluidClassifications 13
PracticalClassificationofGases 15
PracticalClassificationofOils 18
SummaryofReservoir-FluidClassificationCriteria 24
Nomenclature 24
References 24
Problems 25
3. Dry Gases 29
PVTPropertiesforDryGases 30
SpecificGravityofGas 30
GasDeviationFactor 31
GasFormationVolumeFactor 32
GasDensity 32
Problem1—CalculationofGasDensityandSpecificGravity 33
GasViscosity 35
GasCompressibility 36
v
vi Contents
HandlingPVTPropertiesforDryGases 37
EstimationofCriticalProperties 38
EstimationofReducedPressureandTemperature 43
EstimationofGasDeviationFactor 43
EstimationofOtherPVTPropertiesofGas 43
ApplicationsofTechniquestoComputePVT
PropertiesforDryGases 44
Problem2—EstimationofCriticalProperties 44
Problem3—EstimationofGasDeviationFactor 49
Problem4—EstimationofOtherGasPVTProperties 50
EngineeringDryGasReservoirs 51
HeatContent 51
Problem5—EstimationofHeatingValueofNaturalGas 56
Nomenclature 59
References 60
FurtherReading 62
Problems 62
4. Wet Gases 65
PVTPropertiesforWetGases 66
HandlingPVTPropertiesforWetGases 66
Option1—FromReservoirGasComposition 67
Option2—FromReservoirGasSpecificGravity 67
Option3—FromKnowledgeofSurfaceCGR 67
Option4—Two-StageSeparationWithFullDefinition 68
Option5—Three-StageSeparationWithFullDefinition 68
Option6—Two-StageSeparation(Practical) 69
Option7—Three-StageSeparation(Practical) 69
SequenceofCalculations 70
ApplicationsofTechniquestoComputePVT
PropertiesforWetGases 71
Problem1—CalculationofWetGasSpecificGravity 72
Problem2—CalculationofWetGasz-FactorandFormation
VolumeFactor 74
EngineeringWetGasReservoirs 76
DewPointPressure 78
HeatContent 78
Problem3—CalculatingHeatContentforWetGases 79
VolumetricCalculationsofFluidsinPlaceforWetGasReservoirs 80
Problem4—CalculatingHydrocarboninPlaceforWetGases 81
EconomicConsiderationsforWetGasReservoirs 82
PlantProducts(GPM) 83
Nomenclature 83
References 84
FurtherReading 84
Problems 84
Contents vii
5. Gas Condensates 87
PVTPropertiesforGasCondensates 89
SpecificGravityofGasCondensates 89
DewPointPressure 89
GasDeviationFactor(z-Factor) 90
OtherPVTPropertiesforGasCondensates 90
Two-Phasez-Factor 90
Condensate(cid:1)GasRatioandCondensateYield 91
NaturalGasLiquids 92
ModifiedBlackOilApproachforGasCondensate 93
HandlingPVTPropertiesforGasCondensate 96
SequenceofCalculations 98
EngineeringGasCondensateReservoirs 98
DewPointPressure 99
Problem1—CalculationofDewPointPressurefora
GasCondensate 100
HeatContent 102
GasinPlaceCalculationsforGasCondensateReservoirs 102
Problem2—CalculationofOriginalGasinPlacefor
GasCondensateReservoirUsingMaterialBalanceEquations 104
PlantProducts(GallonsPerThousand) 104
Problem3—CalculationofGallonsPerThousand
forGasCondensate 106
EstimationofModifiedBlackOilPVTProperties
forGasCondensates 108
Problem4—CalculationofModifiedBlackOilPVT
PropertiesforGasCondensate 108
Nomenclature 113
References 113
Problems 115
6. Volatile Oils 119
PVTPropertiesforVolatileOils 120
VaporizedOil(cid:1)GasRatio 120
ModifiedBlack-OilApproachforVolatileOil 121
HandlingPVTPropertiesforVolatileOils 122
SequenceofCalculations 124
EngineeringVolatileOilReservoirs 124
Problem1—CalculationofVolatileOilPVTProperties
forDifferentTwo-StageSeparatorConditions 124
Problem2—CalculationofModifiedBlack-OilPVT
PropertiesforVolatileOil 138
Nomenclature 143
References 143
Problems 144
viii Contents
7. Black Oils 147
PVTPropertiesforBlackOils 147
SpecificGravityofOil 148
Bubble-PointPressure 148
FormationVolumeFactorofOil 149
SolutionGas(cid:1)OilRatio 149
OilDensity 151
OilViscosity 152
CompressibilityofOil 153
HandlingPVTPropertiesforBlackOils 154
FieldDataforOilPVTCorrelations 160
SequenceofCalculations 166
ApplicationsofOilPVTCorrelations 166
Problem1—EstimatingInputDataforOilCorrelations 166
Problem2—CalculationofPVTPropertiesforaBlackOil 168
Problem3—EffectofPreknowledgeofBubble-PointPressure 170
Problem4—ShiftingCalculatedPVTProperties 171
Nomenclature 174
References 174
FurtherReading 179
Problems 180
8. Low Gas(cid:1)Oil Ratio Oils 183
PVTPropertiesforLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 187
LowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOilViscosity 187
DeadandLiveOilViscosity 188
HandlingPVTPropertiesforLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 189
SequenceofCalculations 191
EngineeringLowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOils 191
Problem1—CalculatingPVTPropertiesfor
LowGas(cid:1)OilRatioOilReservoirs 191
Nomenclature 199
References 199
FurtherReading 200
Problems 200
9. Selection of PVTCorrelations 203
SelectionofPVTOilPropertiesCorrelations 204
CorrelationSelectionBasedonGeographicalLocation 204
CorrelationSelectionBasedonTypeofFluid 205
CorrelationSelectionBasedonRequiredPVTModel(Application) 205
CorrelationSelectionBasedonDataRangeandRanking 205
CorrelationSelectionBasedonExpertSystemorSetofRules 206
Contents ix
ApplicationsforPVTCorrelationSelection 207
Problem1—ShowingtheVariationofCalculatedDew
PointFromDifferentCorrelations 207
Problem2—SelectionofPVTCorrelationsBasedonRules 208
References 222
Problems 224
10. Artificial Neural Network Models for PVT Properties 225
BasicsofArtificialNeuralNetworkModels 225
ArtificialNeuralNetworkModelsforPredictingPVTProperties 229
ArtificialNeuralNetworkModelsDesign 234
Problem1—SimpleArtificialNeuralNetworkCalculations 234
ArtificialNeuralNetworkOptimization 240
ArtificialNeuralNetworkTopography 241
NumberofHiddenLayers 241
NodesperLayer 241
LayerConnection 241
WeightInitialization 242
TransformationFunction 242
ActivationFunction 242
ObjectiveFunction 242
OptimizationAlgorithm 243
TrainingControlParameters 243
RunningControlParameters 243
FutureDevelopmentandExpectations 243
Nomenclature 244
References 244
FurtherReading 246
Problems 246
AppendixA:OilCorrelationsFormulae 249
AppendixB:GasCorrelationsFormulae 309
AppendixC:OilCorrelationsRangeofApplicability 351
AppendixD:GasCorrelationsRangeofApplicability 375
AppendixE:ArtificialNeuralNetwork(ANN)Models
RangeofApplicability 381
AppendixF:WorksheetsforOilPVTCorrelationsSelection 389
Index 403
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