Pulse Doppler Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications

428 Pages·2012·20.12 MB·English

by  Clive Alabaster

This book is a practitioner’s guide to all aspects of pulse Doppler radar. It concentrates on
airborne military radar systems since they are the most used, most complex, and most
interesting of the pulse Doppler radars; however, surface-based systems are also included.
It covers the fundamental science, signal processing, hardware issues, systems design and case
studies of typical systems. It will be a useful resource for engineers of all types (hardware,
software and systems), academics, post-graduate students, scientists in radar and radar
electronic warfare (EW) sectors and military staff. Case studies add interest and credibility by
illustrating how and where the ideas presented within the book work in real life.
KEY FEATURES
Medium PRF waveform design and analysis including:
• Methods of selection of precise PRF values,
• PRF schedule design,
• Strategies to combat the ghosting problem,
• Minimize range/velocity blindness and minimize dwell time.
• Case studies on generic radar types such as airborne fire control radar, airborne early
warning radars, active radar missile seekers and air defense radars.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Clive Alabaster is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Informatics and Systems Engineering
at Cranfield University, UK. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from Cranfield University in 2004.
In 1985, after receiving his BSc, he joined GEC-Marconi in the microwave design group of the
airborne radar division.
Alabaster worked as a design and development engineer on the microwave synthesizer and
front end receiver design of an airborne intercept radar fitted to a fast-strike aircraft. In
1992 he worked for Serco as a lecturer in radar and microwave engineering at the School of
Electrical and Aeronautical Engineering, Arborfield Garrison, UK where he taught technicians
of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps.
Alabaster joined the academic staff of Cranfield University in 1998. In 2001 he established a
research program for medium PRF pulse Doppler waveforms, which has won several applied
research contracts with industry and defense organizations.
Alabaster-7200031 40052200001˙FM ISBN:9781891121524 April18,2012 10:25 i
Pulse Doppler Radar
Alabaster-7200031 40052200001˙FM ISBN:9781891121524 April18,2012 10:25 ii
Alabaster-7200031 40052200001˙FM ISBN:9781891121524 April18,2012 10:25 iii
Pulse Doppler Radar
Principles, Technology, Applications
by
Clive Alabaster
CranfieldUniversity
Edison,NJ
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Alabaster-7200031 40052200001˙FM ISBN:9781891121524 April18,2012 10:25 iv
PublishedbySciTechPublishing
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Brief Contents
Preface xi
AuthorAcknowledgements xiii
PublisherAcknowledgements xiv
PART I Basic Concepts
1 Historical Justification for Pulse Doppler Radar 3
2 Radar Detection Performance 7
3 Pulsed Radar 25
4 Doppler Sensing Radar 43
5 The Ambiguity Function 55
6 Clutter 61
7 Pulse Doppler Processing 89
8 Radar Hardware 131
References 194
PART IIA High Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse
Doppler Radar
9 High Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse Doppler Radar 199
10 Frequency Modulation Ranging in High PRF 227
References 246
PART IIB Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse
Doppler Radar
11 Introduction to Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Radar 249
12 Factors Affecting the Choice of PRFs 265
13 Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Schedule Design 307
14 Detection Performance 323
15 Methods of Pulse Repetition Frequency Selection 339
References 357
PART III Case Studies
16 Airborne Fire Control Radar 363
17 Airborne Early Warning Radar 371
18 Active Radar Missile Seekers 377
19 Ground-Based Air Defense Radar 389
References 396
ClosingRemarks 397
Index 399
v
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Alabaster-7200031 40052200001˙FM ISBN:9781891121524 April18,2012 10:25 vii
Contents
Preface xi
AuthorAcknowledgements xiii
PublisherAcknowledgements xiv
PART I Basic Concepts
1 Historical Justification for Pulse Doppler Radar 3
2 Radar Detection Performance 7
2.1 Noise-LimitedRadarRangeEquation 7
2.2 DetectionsinNoise 10
2.3 MinimumDetectableSignal, S 14
min
2.4 ProcessingGainviaPulseIntegration 16
2.5 RadarCrossSection 20
3 Pulsed Radar 25
3.1 IntroductiontoPulseParameters 25
3.2 PeakandAveragePower 26
3.3 PulseDelayRanging 26
3.4 LowPRFRadar 28
3.5 SpectrumofPulsedRadar 29
3.6 MatchedReception 31
3.7 RangeResolution 35
3.8 RangeAccuracy 37
3.9 PulseCompression 38
4 Doppler Sensing Radar 43
4.1 TheDopplerEffect 43
4.2 DopplerDiscrimination 46
4.3 PlatformMotionCompensation 47
4.4 DopplerBlindness 48
vii
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viii Contents
4.5 ContinuousWaveRadar 49
4.6 ApplicationtoPulsedRadar 52
5 The Ambiguity Function 55
5.1 AmbiguityDiagrams 55
5.2 PeakandIntegratedSidelobeLevels 60
6 Clutter 61
6.1 ConceptsofClutter 61
6.2 BackscatterCoefficient 62
6.3 StatisticalModelsofClutter 67
6.4 ClutterforanAirborneRadar 74
6.5 ClutterDecorrelation 79
6.6 LowPulseRepetitionFrequencyRadarResponsetoClutter 81
6.7 Clutter-LimitedDetectionRange 82
6.8 ClutterforaSurface-BasedRadar 85
6.9 VolumeClutter 86
7 Pulse Doppler Processing 89
7.1 TheProcessingChain 89
7.2 MTIRejectionofMBC 90
7.3 FFTProcessing 104
7.4 ConstantFalseAlarmRateDetection 119
8 Radar Hardware 131
8.1 Introduction 131
8.2 RadarTransmitters 132
8.3 FrequencySynthesizers 155
8.4 RadarReceivers 161
8.5 RadarAntennasandArrays 178
References 194
PART IIA High Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse
Doppler Radar
9 High Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse Doppler Radar 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 PRFSelectionforUnambiguousDoppler/Velocity 201
9.3 TimingAspectsofHighPRF 208
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Contents ix
9.4 HighPRFRadarResponsetoClutter 214
9.5 Surface-BasedHighPRFRadars 222
9.6 SummaryoftheCharacteristicsofHighPRF 225
10 Frequency Modulation Ranging in High PRF 227
10.1 FrequencyModulationRanginginContinuousWaveSystems 227
10.2 FMRanginginPulsedSystems 238
References 246
PART IIB Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Pulse
Doppler Radar
11 Introduction to Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Radar 249
11.1 BasicConcepts 249
11.2 Ambiguities 251
11.3 MediumPRFRadarResponsetoSurfaceClutter 255
11.4 BlindnessinMediumPRFRadar 262
11.5 MultiplePRFSchedules 263
12 Factors Affecting the Choice of PRFs 265
12.1 Decodability 265
12.2 Blindness 276
12.3 PRFLimits 282
12.4 Ghosting 285
12.5 AdditionalTechniquestoCombatGhosting 297
13 Medium Pulse Repetition Frequency Schedule Design 307
13.1 SelectionofMandN 307
13.2 ComparisonbetweenSchedules 310
13.3 OtherWaveformDesignIssues 318
14 Detection Performance 323
14.1 Noise-LimitedDetection 323
14.2 Clutter-LimitedDetection 331
15 Methods of Pulse Repetition Frequency Selection 339
15.1 ABriefReviewofthePulseRepetitionFrequency
SelectionRequirements 339