Table Of ContentTThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
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To the fond memory of my parents,
who taught me to seek enlightenment and knowledge
and strive for excellence.
Dearest souls,
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TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
1. Theranostic A pplications of Nanotechnology in Chronic
Obstructive Lung Diseases 1
Neeraj Vij and Aakruti Gorde
1.1 Pulmonary Physiology and Pathogenesis of Chronic
Obstructive Lung Diseases 1
1.2 Application of Nano-Based Systems in Treating Chronic
Obstructive Lung Diseases 3
1.2.1 Therapeutic and Diagnostic Challenges in Chronic
Obstructive Lung Diseases 6
1.2.2 Nanosystems to Overcome Challenges in Chronic
Obstructive Lung Diseases 6
1.3 Nanotheranostics 7
1.3.1 Theranostic Nanoparticles for Chronic Obstructive
Lung Diseases 8
2. Multifunctional Tumor-Targeted Nanoparticles
1.3.2 Perspective 9
for Lung Cancer 15
Shinji Kuroda, Tomohisa Yokoyama, Justina O. Tam, Ailing W. Scott,
Li Leo Ma, Manish Shanker, Jiankang Jin, Corbin Goerlich,
David Willcutts, Jack A. Roth, Konstantin Sokolov, Keith P. Johnston,
and Rajagopal Ramesha
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Biomarkers for Tumor Targeting 18
2.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 20
2.3.1 Development of Nanoparticles for Lung
Cancer and Other Medical Applications 20
2.3.2 Classes of Nanoparticles 23
2.3.3 Delivery Methods of Nanoparticles to
Targeted Regions 26
viii Contents
2.3.3.1 Systemic Administration 26
2.3.3.2 Local Administration via Inhalation 27
2.3.3.3 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 28
2.4 EGFR-Targeted Hybrid Plasmonic Magnetic
Multifunctional Nanoparticles 29
2.4.1 Structure of Nanoparticles 29
2.4.2 Therapeutic Function of EGFR-Targeted
Nanoparticles 30
2.4.2.1 Inhibition of EGFR signaling pathway 30
2.4.2.2 Induction of DNA damage 32
2.4.3 Diagnostic Function of EGFR-Targeted
Nanoparticles 33
3. Nasal and Pulmonary Delivery of Macromolecules
2.5 Conclusions 34
to Treat Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diseases 45
Durga Paturi, Mitesh Patel, Ranjana Mitra, and Ashim K. Mitra
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Nasal Drug Delivery 46
3.2.1 Nasal Anatomy 47
3.2.2 Mechanisms of Nasal Absorption 48
3.2.3 Factors Affecting Nasal Absorption 50
3.2.3.1 Physiological factors 50
3.2.3.2 Pathological conditions 50
3.2.3.3 Biochemical changes 52
3.2.3.4 Physicochemical properties of
the permeant 52
3.2.3.5 Properties of the formulation 53
3.2.3.6 Drug distribution 54
3.2.3.7 Device-related factors 54
3.2.4 Strategies to Enhance Nasal Absorption 55
3.2.4.1 Cyclodextrins 56
3.2.4.2 Fusidic acid derivatives 56
3.2.4.3 Phospholipids 56
3.2.4.4 Bile salt derivatives 56
3.2.4.5 Peptidase and protease inhibitors 57
3.2.5 Nasal Formulations 57
Contents ix
3.2.5.1 Nasal drops 59
3.2.5.2 Nasal sprays 59
3.2.5.3 Nasal powders 60
3.2.5.4 Nasal ointments and emulsions 60
3.2.5.5 Nasal gels 61
3.2.5.6 Liposomes 62
3.2.5.7 Nanoparticles 63
3.2.5.8 Microparticles 65
3.2.6 Nasal Delivery of Vaccines 66
3.2.7 Intranasal Gene Delivery 67
3.3 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 69
3.3.1 Anatomy of the Lungs 70
3.3.2 Pulmonary Absorption 72
3.3.3 Barriers in Pulmonary Drug Delivery 73
3.3.4 Formulations 74
3.3.4.1 Micelles 74
3.3.4.2 Liposomes 75
3.3.4.3 Microparticles 76
3.3.4.4 Nanoparticles 77
3.3.4.5 Microemulsions 79
3.3.5 Inhalation Devices 82
3.3.5.1 Pressurized metered-dose
inhaler (pMDI) 83
3.3.5.2 Nebulizers 84
3.3.5.3 Dry powder inhalers 85
3.3.6 Factors Affecting Pulmonary Deposition 85
3.3.7 Vaccines 86
3.3.8 Nucleic Acids 87
3.3.9 Oligonucleotides 91
4. In vitro and in vivo Diagnosis of Pulmonary Disorders
3.4 Conclusions 92
Using Nanotechnology 103
Indrajit Roy
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Nanoparticles 104
