Table Of ContentPullulan
Pullulan
Processing, Properties, and Applications
edited by
Shakeel Ahmed
Aisverya Soundararajan
Published by
Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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Singapore 039190
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Pullulan: Processing, Properties, and Applications
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ISBN 978-981-4877-17-6 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-003-05694-2 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. Po lysacc harides: An Overview xii1i
S. Vijayanand, Ashwini Ravi, Aisverya Soundararajan,
Annu, P. N. Sudha, and J. Hemapriya
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Types of Polysaccharides 3
1.2.1 Plant Polysaccharides 3
1.2.1.1 Cellulose 3
1.2.1.2 Hemicellulose 5
1.2.1.3 Fructans 6
1.2.1.4 Pectin 8
1.2.2 Seaweed Polysaccharide 9
1.2.2.1 Alginate 9
1.2.2.2 Carrageenans 10
1.2.2.3 Fucans 11
1.2.2.4 Ulvans 12
1.2.3 Microbial Polysaccharides 13
1.2.3.1 Pullulan 14
1.2.3.2 Xanthan gum 14
1.2.3.3 Gellan gum 16
1.2.4 Animal Polysaccharide 17
1.2.4.1 Chitin and chitosan 17
2. 1Pu.3l lulanC: oRneccleunsti oPnro gress and Technological Prospects 1385
Tanvir Arfin
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Historical Outline 37
2.3 Pullulan Biosynthesis 38
2.3.1 Mechanism of Pullulan Biosynthesis 38
2.4 Products 39
2.4.1 Antimicrobials 40
2.4.2 Enzymes 40
vi Contents
2.4.3 Pullulan and Other Polysaccharides 40
2.4.4 PMA 42
2.4.5 Liamocins 42
2.4.6 Siderophores 42
2.4.7 Agro-industrial Wastes 43
2.5 Disadvantages of Pullulan 43
2.6 Aromatic Features 44
2.7 Factors 44
2.8 Semi-synthetic Derivatives 44
2.8.1 Chemical Modification 44
2.8.1.1 Carboxymethyl pullulan 46
2.8.1.2 Sulfation 46
2.9 Applications 46
2.9.1 Food 46
2.9.2 Biomedicine 47
2.9.3 Water Remediation 48
3. 2Sy.1n0th esCiso onfc Pluuslliuolna n 4599
Neetu Singh Tanwar
3.1 Introduction 59
A. pullulans
3.2 Synthesis of Pullulan 60
3.2.1 Role of in the Synthesis
A. pullulans
of Pullulan 61
3.2.2 Isolation of from Different
A.
Sources to Synthesize Pullulan 62
pullulans
3.2.2.1 Isolation process of
63
3.2.3 Recovery of Pullulans 64
3.3 Factors Affecting Production of Pullulan 65
3.3.1 Influence of Concentration of Dissolved
Oxygen on Production of Pullulan 65
3.3.2 Effect of pH and Pullulan Synthesis 65
3.3.3 Effect of Fermentation Time on
Biosynthesis of Pullulan 66
3.3.4 Effect of Nitrogen Source on Pullulan
Synthesis 67
3.4 Conclusion 67
Contents vii
4. Factors Affecting Pullulan Production 71
Ashwini Ravi, S. Vijayanand, G. Ramya,
Aisverya Soundararajan, P. N. Sudha, and J. Hemapriya
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Medium for Pullulan Production 73
4.3 Factors Affecting Pullulan Production 74
4.3.1 Carbon Source 75
4.3.2 Nitrogen Source 76
4.3.3 pH 77
4.3.4 Temperature 78
4.3.5 Other Factors 79
5. 4Pu.4l lulanC: oPnrocpluesritoiens and Applications 7899
Showkat Ali Ganie, Tariq Ahmad Mir,
Akbar Ali, and Qing Li
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Structure of Pullulan 91
5.3 Properties of Pullulan 92
5.3.1 Physical Properties of Pullulan 93
5.3.2 Chemical Properties of Pullulan 94
5.3.3 Biochemical Properties 95
5.4 Applications of Pullulan 95
5.4.1 Pullulan in Cosmetics 95
5.4.2 Food-Related Applications of Pullulan 96
5.4.3 Biomedical Applications of Pullulan 98
5.4.3.1 Pullulan in drug-delivery
systems 98
5.4.3.2 Pullulan in gene-delivery
systems 103
5.4.3.3 Pullulan in cell/tissue
engineering 106
5.4.3.4 Pullulan in antibacterial
release for wound-dressing
applications 109
5.4.3.5 Anticancer applications of
pullulan 110
5.4.3.6 Application of pullulan in
bioimaging system 111
viii Contents
5.4.4 Environmental Applications of
Pullulan 112
5.4.4.1 Environmental remediation 112
5.4.4.2 Filtration and
chromatography 113
6. F5u.5n ctionCahla Cllheanrgaecste arnisdt iFcsu touf rPeu Plleurlsapne: cIttsi v es 113
Physicochemical and Physiological Properties 133
Sanjoy Kumar Das and Soumalya Chakraborty
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Pullulan 135
6.3 Biological and Physiological Properties of
Pullulan 136
6.4 Biodegradable Polymers for Pullulan-Based
Composite Film Preparation 137
6.5 Physicochemical Characterization of Pullulan
Biofilm 140
6.5.1 Film Thickness 141
6.5.2 Film Color 141
6.5.3 Water Vapor Permeability and Water
Vapor Transmission Rate 141
6.5.4 Moisture Content 142
6.5.5 Water Solubility 142
6.5.6 Mechanical Properties 143
6.5.7 Surface Morphology 143
6.5.8 Transparency 143
6.5.9 Mass Transfer Flask 144
6.5.10 Surface Topography 145
6.5.11 Oxygen Permeability 145
7. 6Pu.6l lulanC-Donegcrluadsiionng Enzymes and Their Biochemical 146
Features 149
Srijita Basumallick
7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 Enzyme Activity of Pullulanase on Other
Polysaccharides 154
7.3 Crystal Structure of Pullulanase 155
Contents ix
7.4 Mechanism of Glycosidic Linkage Hydrolysis 160
7.5 Enzymatic Properties of Pullulanase 160
7.6 Industrial Application of Pullulanase 161
7.7 Other Applications 162
8. 7M.8ic robiCalo Pnucllluuslaionn: Properties, Bioprocess 162
Engineering, and Applications 167
Sugumaran Karuppiah, Sameeha Syed Abdul Rahman,
and V. Ponnusami
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2 Properties 170
8.2.1 Physical Properties 170
8.2.1.1 Film formation 171
8.2.1.2 Structural properties 172
8.2.1.3 Molecular mass and
rheological properties 172
8.2.1.4 Thermal and mechanical
properties 176
8.2.2 Chemical Properties 176
8.2.3 Biochemical Properties 177
8.3 Biosynthesis of Pullulan 178
8.3.1 Factors Influencing the Production
of Pullulan in Biosynthesis 180
8.3.1.1 C-source 180
8.3.1.2 N-source 181
8.3.1.3 Medium pH 182
8.3.1.4 Temperature 183
8.3.1.5 Aeration and agitation 183
8.3.2 Purification of Pullulan 184
8.4 Applications of Pullulan 185
8.4.1 Pullulan Acetate 188
8.4.2 Carboxymethyl Pullulan 188
8.4.3 Cholesterol-Bearing Pullulan 189
8.4.4 Pullulan–Polyetheramine 190
8.4.5 Polyethyleneimine Pullulan 190
8.4.6 Folate-Decorated Maleilated Pullulan 190
8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 191
