Table Of ContentPsychological
Linguistics
]. R. Kantor
ThePrincipiaPress
Chicago,Illinois
1977
Copyright© 1977byThePrincipinPress.
5743S.KimbukAvenue
Chicago,Illinois“37
ISBNmines—53.3
IN MEMORIAM
Edward Sapir
1884-1939
EMINENT SCHOLAR
NOBLE MAN
Contents
PREFACE
SECTION ONE
Salient Problems of Psychological Linguistics
3 [. TheMultiplexityof Linguistics
TheIsolationofPsychologicallanguageEvents, 3;Criteriaforhoisting
DataofPsychologicalLingubt'ls,3;SchemaforDiEerentiatingLinguistic
ThingsandEvents, 4;TentativeIdentificationofLinguisticThingsand
Events.5;I.Authentic PsychtbgimlLanguage,5;A. Referential
Language,5;B.Surrogativelanguage,5;C.Gesture]langmge,6;
II. ParapsycologicalLanguage,8;A.VerbalFormuhe,6;B.Speech
- Derivatives.7;C.PotentialSthuliforlanguage,7;III.Nonpsychologicai
orThingLanguage, 7;A.SignandSymbols,7;B.TextualMaterials.8;
C.Inscriptions, 8;D.LinguisticSystems,8;E.StandardSpeech,8;
F.ConstructsorSpeechDescr'ltions.9;SemanticProblemsin Language
Study,9.
12 II. Linguistic Complex Analyzed: ComponentsCompared
SpecializationinLinguistics, 12;Psychological.andGeneralLinguistics,
12;and Physiologicallanguage, 14;andSociologicalLanguage, 14;and
Anthropological language, l6;andLexicology, l7;and Phonetics, [8;
andGrammar, 19;ScientificPachologyandGrammar. 2.0;Psychological
LinguisticsandSemiotics,23;finsndBehavior,24;SymbolsasThings
andActions. 24;ActsasSymbd,25;TnadicSymbology, 25;Speechas
Adaptations, 26;MonitorialSydolisn,30;EquivalenceofLinguistic
Factors,31.
32 III. The Psychological Foundations of language
PsychologicalPostulation,32;butch-n, 32;Behaviorism,35;
lnterbehavioral Psychdogy. 36;ResponsesandResponseFunctions,36;
StimulusFunctions, 36;EvolilhialOriginsofResponses 38;Evolutions]
OriginsofStimuli,39,InfluenceofSettingsupon interbehavior,40;The
PsychologicalOrganism and [ItrbellvioralHistory, 40;Interbehavionl
HistoryFollowsBiologicalEvcflion.40;CulturalFactorsin
PsychologicalDevelopment, 11;languageaslnterbehavioralEvents, 42.
46"IV. TheAnalysis of Ling-TticFields
TheBasicUnitof Psychology, .;TheSegmentoflnterbeluvior, 46,
lnterbehavioralSegmentsand HerbdnvioralSituations,48;Objects,
StimulusObjects.andStimulusfunctions.48:Acts.Responses.and
ResponseFunctions, 48;lnterHavionlMedia, 49;lnterbehavioral
Settings.49;ReactionSystems.0.
vii
um Contents
51 V. Evolution of Psychological Linguistics
Originsof Psychological Linguistics, 51;PsychologicalLinguisticsand
Folk Psychology, 52;HerbartianPsychologyandLanguage, 52;The
ShifttoVduntaristicPsychology, 53;SocialBehavioristics,54;Social
Functionalism, 55;Psychological Linguisticsand Developmental
Psychology. 55;Linguistic PsychologyToday. 56;Behaviorlstic
linguistics, 56;Interbehavioral Linguistics, 57.
SECTION TWO
The Psychology of Language
61 V1. Referenh’al Language
ReferentialandSymbolicalBehavior,61;The Bistimulational
Hypothesis. 62;LinguisticsasNaturalScience.63;Mediativeand
NarrationaiLanguage,68;Precedinglanguage, 70;Accompanying
Language.70;FollowingLanguage, 70;SubstituteLanguage. 71:
Referor andRefereeLanguage. 71:ExpressiveandCommunicative
Language,72;Varietiesof LinguisticSituations, 72.
75 VII. Nonreferential Language:SymbolicInterbehavior
Referentialvs. NonreferentialLanguage, 75;SimpleandComplex
SymbolicInterbehavior, 76;SimpleSymbolicBehavior Segments,76;
ComplexSymbolicBehavior Segments,77;Symbolicand Referential
BehaviorCompared,80;ThreeSourcesofSymbolicBehavior, 83;
ManipulatingObjects, 83;FixatingVocal Behavior.83;Fixating
Referential Responses,84;WhySymbolicand Referential LanguageAre
Confused. 84;ThreeWaysof OrganizingSymbolicConnections, 87;
RangeofSignifyingStimulmObjects.90;TypesofSymbolicCouples,
91;Existent-ExistentSymbols,91;ExistentoNonexistent Symbols, 91;
Representant-ExistentSymbols,91;Representant-NonexistentSymbols,
92;Sign-SignificantSymbols,92;Indicator-Denotant, 92;Rangesof
BehaviorandRelations, 93;NoeticandOperationalSymbolism,93;
NoeticSymbolism,93;OperationalSymbolism,94;Referential and
SymbolicBehaviorinSameSituation,95;Symbolism Becomes
Referentialand Vice Verse, 96.
VIII. Nonreferential Language: Vocal and Graphic
Specificitiesof linguisticinterbehavior.99;Naming Behavior. 99;
Counting, 100;RecordingBehavior. 101;Writingor inscribing
Behavior, 101;EcholalicBehavior, 102;Singing, 103;Reading, 103;
Nonreferential Reading, 103;Referential Reading, 104.
105 1X. Linguistic Events and Situations
BehaviorSegmentsasInvestigativeTools, 105;Analytic Value of
Linguistic Behavior Segments, 106;(1)CharacteristicsofLinguistic
Situations, 106;(a)SignSituation, 107;(b)SignalSituation, 107;
(c)SymbolSituation. 108;((1)SpeechSituation. 109;(2)Diflerentiation
ofBehaviorSegmentEvents, 109;(a)Actionsof A and BBoth
Referential, 109;(1))ActionsofAOnly Referential, 110;(c)A
ReferentialtoC,BReactsasThoughReferential toB, 110;(d)Neither
ANor BReferential with Respect toOneAnother, 110;Variationsin
LinguisticSegmentsof Behavior, 110;FlveTypesof Referor Behavior
Contents ix
Segments, 110;(a)8;.3,8001Present, 110;(h) OnlyPraent, 110;
(c)NoContactwithS], 111;(d)Functionsof inSingleObject, 112;
(e)SI.SIFunctionsinSingleObjectWhich Is directlyPresent. 113;
ThreeTypesof RefereeBehavior Segments, 113;(a) ,S,Inherent in
'Difl’erent PruentObjects, 113;(b)S,Absent, 114;(c) ,S,Inherentin
SameObject, 114;(3)Interrelation oflinguisticand onlinguistic
Events. 115;Relationshipof LinguisticEventsandlinguisticSituations,
115;Environmental InfluencesUpon LinguisticBehaviorSegments,
115;VariationsinLinguisticResponse Patterning. 118;Verbovocal
Speech, 119;Whispering. 119.SubvocalSpeechPatterns, 119;Mute
Speech, 119;(lassStatusSpeech. 120;TheProblemof Linguistic
Distortion, 120.
121 X. The Analysis of Linguistic Reaction Systems
LinguisticAnalysis:ConstructionofAbstractions, 121;Componentsof
ReactionSystems, 121;(1)StimulusPhasePlusContactMedia, 123;
Auditory Media, 123;TactileMedia. 124;Visual Media. 124;Compound
LinguisticMedia, 124;TheBistimulationalPrinciple. 124;
(2)Attentional Factors, 124;(3)DiscriminativePhase. 125;(4)Motoric
Aspects. 125;(5)TheAEectiveFactors, 126;(6)ActionofReceptor
Mechanism, 126;(7)TheNeural Functions, 127;(8)TheEfl'ector
Mechanisms, 130;(9)TheGlandular Function, 130;(10)Muscular
Functions, 131.
1335'XI. Linguistic Products
mm&._fl9ducnm.mnflm¢,,l33;Long Distance
Communication, 133;Waaflultural Impedimenta. 133;
T33Sogr_ce§,9f_TlfingLanguage. 134;ModesofFixatingLinguistic
Inter-Echavior, 134;ComplexTypesof LanguageThings, 135;Standard
LinguisticSystems, 135;CeneiiI‘G‘rafimar, 135;OtherTypesof
Linguistic Products. 136;(a)Written orTranscribed Speech, 136;
(b)IdiomaticSpeech, 137;(c)Verbal Formulae, 137;(d)Proverbsand
Maxims, 137;(e)LiteraryTexts. 137;(f)SymbolicSystems, 138;
(3)ScientificDescription, 138.
SECTIONTHREE
Psychological Variables in Linguistic Fields
143 X11. Attending Behavior in Linguistic Fields
AttendingAction Preliminary toFurtherBehavior. 143;Attentional
BehaviorastheActualintionoiStimulusFunctions, 143;Attentional
TheoriesCompared. 144;AttendingBehaviorinLinguisticStudies. 145.
147 X111. Perceiving Behavior in LinguisticFields
OrientingProcessesFollowingAttending. 147;TheNameof
Perceiving Behavior. 148;Naturalistic vs.Animistic Perceiving. 149;
Wiriorin language51%“149;TheOrientational
ariationlnPErceivingActs, 150;Primary Perceiving. 151;Simple
Apprehension. 151;ComplexApprehension, 151;Comprehension, 152;
MisconceptionsConcerningPerceptualBehavior, 152;Perceptual
Behaviorand theProblemofMeanings. 153;ThePlaceofPerceivingin
CommunicativeSituations. 153;Unique FeaturesofSpeechFields, 154;
Superfluityin Speech, 154;Paucity of SpeechStimulation, 155.
1' Contents
156 XIV. Memorial Aspects ofLinguistic Fields
MemorialBehaviorasAidsinSpeech, 156;ThePsychologyof
RememberingandRelated Behavior, 156;Remembering, 156;
Forgetting, 157;Memorization, 157;Reminiscing, 158;Conventional
ErrorsConcurringSpeechCapacitiesandSpeechPerformances, 158;
PsychologyofCapacitiesandPerformance,159;CapacitiesasFaculties
andasPerformance, 159;GeneticFactorsinSpeech,160,-Psychological
Adaptation and Language, 160.
161 XV.Understanding and ItsRole inLanguageSituations
UnderstandingasaFoundationofSpeech,l6l;HowUnderstanding
ReactionsOperateinLinguisticSituations,162;Psychology ofLinguistic
MeaningandUnderstanding, 163;LiteraryAmbiguities, 164;Scientific
Precision,164;PoliticalDoubletalk,165;ReligiousInterpretation, 165;
LegalEnigmas, 165;ConditionsforLinguisticUnderstanding,166;
AdeQuateReferenceandRefereeAction, 166,-Familiaritywith
Referent,168;CompatibilitieaofLanguageSystems,167.
168 XVI. Linguistic Participants in IntellectualBehavior Fields
LinguisticBehaviorSupportsIntellectualAdjustments. 168:Thinking
BehaviorNot Identicalwith Language,169;Reasoninglnterbehavior.
I71;IntellectualAttitudes, 172.
SECTION FOUR
Evolution ofLinguistic Behavior
177 XVII. Origin and DevelopmentofLinguistic Behavior
LanguageinEvolution, 177;TheoriesofLanguageOrigins. 179;Origin
ofLanguageandEvolution ofManldnd, 182;SpeechBehaviorand
HumanEvolution, 183;NatureofHuman Nature,183;Progressive
StructurationofLanguage, 184;WordsorSentences,185.
186 XVIII. Evolution ofIndividual LanguageBehavior
AllegedMysteriesofIndividualSpeechEvolution,186,-Behavior
Dmcriptionsvs.ConceptImposition:inIndividualLanguage
Development,188;.(1)ThelmpositionalMethod, 188;(2)The
ObservationalApproach, 190;WordUtteranceavs.linguistic
AdjustmentsinPsychologicalLinguistics, 190;CasualandContrived
LinguisticDevelopment, 191;IndividualityofLanguageDevelopment
inChildren,191;TheoriesoflinguisticDevelopmentinChildren,192;
LanguageDevelopmentofAdults. 198.
SECTION FIVE
Linguistic Variability andSpeech Deviations
197 XIX. Multilinguism and Other Speech Deviations
Variability inSpeechFields, 197;Variations inLinguisticAdjustments.
197;Personality Factors, 197;UttermceFactors. 198;(a)Speech
Quality, 198;(1:)SpeechDynamics, [98;Multilinguism, 199;Individual
Difl’erencesAmongMultilinguals,200;IndividualDifl'erencea in
MultilingualDevelopment,201;Multilingu'nm andIntelligence.202;
UnfavorableAspectsofLinguisticVariation. 203;A.TheMilder
Contents xi
Disturbances,203;StutteringandStammering,W3;Unconventional
Speech,203;9.SevereLinguisticDeprivations,204;Apraxia,‘204;
Dyslexia,204;Agraphia.204;Aphasia,205;InterpretationsofAphasic
Behavior,205;AuthenticAphasicTheory,207.
SECTIONSIX
Individualand CulturalLanguage
213 XX. LinguisticAdjustments and Linguistic Styles
PrioritiesinlinguisticBehavior,213;LinguisticVariability asSpeech
Styles,213;GrammarasWeStyle,214;Psychological
AdjustmentsandlinguisticStandards,216;IndividualPsychologyand
SocialPsychology,216;LanguageFormsandLanguageAdjustments.
216.
SECTIONSEVEN
Language asCommunicative Behavior and as
Instrument
221 XXI. LinguisticBehaviorasInstrumentality
Primary SpeechVersusVerbal Manipulation,221;Mythology and
Religion,222;PhilosophicalWisdom, 223;Politics,223;Commerceand
Economics,224;CompositionandLiterature,225;VerbalFormulae,
2%;TheUseandMisuseofLanguage.225;Legal Language.226;
Language intheMarketPlace,2%;LanguageintheForum,227.
LanguageofArgument,227.
SECTION EIGHT
Linguistic Observation and Experimentation
231 XXII. Linguistic Problemsand Solutions
Research inPsychologicalLinguistics.231;HowDoHuman Infants
BecomeSpeakersP,232;(a)HolophrasticSpeech,233;(b)Egocentrism,
233;(c)Crammatization,234;ParalinguisticInvestigation,235;Studies
ofMeaning,236;ComparisonofHuman andNonhuman Language.
237;HumanandInfrahumanCommunication,240;Researchon
PostulateaoiAuthenticHumanLanguage,242;Wordsvs.Sentences,
243;SpeechReception,243;A ReactionTimePlusOscillographic
Study,244;Practicewith ColnedWonk,24.5;EflectofListeneron
Speaker,245;Experimentswith Aphasics,246;ConcurrentAction in
Speech,246.
SECTION NINE
Psychological Linguistics as InterdisciplinaryScience
251 XXIII. Psychological Linguisticsand General Linguistics
LinguisticRelationsandlrrelations.251;I.ComparisonofGeneral
LinguisticsandPsychologicalLinguistics,252;Interdisciplinary
Variations. 252;(a)DivergenceinOrigin.252;(b)Divergenceof
xii Contents
SubjectMatterand Investigation,253;Variant AttitudeToward
LinguisticProblems,254;(a)StructuralismandFunctionalism,255;
(b)AttitudesTowardGrammar,256;(c)LanguageAdjustmentsand
"Meaning”,259;(d)Linguistic BehaviorandDescriptiveAbstractions,
262;(e)LogicandLanguage,263;(f)VariantPostulationsandTheories,
264;II.RelevanceofGeneralLinguisticstoPsychologicalLinguistics.
267;General LinguisticOrientation,268;ComparativeLinguistics,268;
HistoricalLinguistics,269;Semantics,270;111.Relevanceof
Psychological LinguisticstoGeneralLinguistics.270;GeneralRelations
ofPsychology toLinguistics,270;(a)ChoiceofLinguisticModels, 272;
(b)ActsandThings,ContextandAuspices,273;(c)Synchronicand
,
DiachronicConfusions.273;(d)UniversalsandAbsolutes,275;(6)Laws
andRulesofSpeech,276;(f)Syntax,TheProblem ofSerialOrder,276;
(g)ParticipativeFunctionsinLanguage,278.
280 XXIV. Psychological Linguistics and Linguistic Philosophy
Linguistic ProblemsofPhilosophers,280;LinguisticSolutionsof
PhilosophicalProblems,281;FiveVariantsofLinguisticPhilosophy,
282;(1)ClassicalLinguism.282;(2)Linguistic Reformisrn inPhilosophy.
283;(3)PhilosophyasIdealLanguage.283;(4)InDefenseofCommon
Language,284;(5)TherapeuticPositivism,284;CriticalAnalysisof
Linguistic Philosophy,285;A.InsuficienciesofAnalytic Linguish’cs,
286;(1)AutonomyandFixityofWordsandSentences,286;(2)Relation
ofLanguageand "Reality",286;(3)MisuseoftheConceptionand the
Term “Meaning".287;(4)Mistaken NotionofMeanings.287;B.
InsuficienciesofAnalytic Philosophy,288;(1)LinguisticPhilmophya
TypeofMetaphysics,288;(2)MaintenanceofVenerableTraditions,
290;(3)MisconceptionsConcerningLinguistic Functions.29];
(4)InadequateLog‘c,292;C.lnsuficiencyofScientificWork and
Knowledge,293;D.InsufficiencyofPsychology,293;Conclusion,294.
