Table Of ContentPsycho-Oncology
Psycho-
Oncology
THIRD EDITION
Edited by
Jimmie C. Holland, MD
William S. Breitbart, MD
Phyllis N. Butow, PhD, MPH
Paul B. Jacobsen, PhD
Matthew J. Loscalzo, MSW
Ruth McCorkle, PhD, RN, FAAN
1
1
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Psycho-oncology (Holland)
Psycho-oncology / edited by Jimmie C. Holland [and 5 others].—Third edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–19–936331–5 (alk. paper)
I. Holland, Jimmie C., editor. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—psychology. 2. Neoplasms—complications. 3. Neoplasms—therapy. QZ 200]
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Preface
To have written the Preface for the first edition of the Handbook National Academies of Science, after a yearlong review, published
of Psycho-Oncology in 1989 was a special privilege. Before the in 2008 the first policy statement regarding psycho-oncology.2
Handbook, research findings in psycho-oncology were published The evidence base for psycho-oncology, the IOM reported, war-
in journals of several different disciplines. There was no single rants that to achieve quality cancer care, routine oncology prac-
archive. So Julia Rowland and I edited the Handbook as the first tice must integrate psycho-oncology. This was further reinforced
effort to collect in one place the field’s knowledge. Given the new- by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer.3
ness of the field, it seemed presumptuous to call it a “textbook.” The Commission on Cancer now requires accredited cancer cen-
A decade later, however, knowledge in the field of ters to have a psychosocial distress screening program in place—a
psycho-oncology had burgeoned. The second serious review program by which to identify distressed patients, triage them to
of the field’s knowledge suggested that we had moved beyond appropriate help, and follow up with them (see the table of histori-
a handbook. In 1998, Oxford University Press published the cal events in the Introduction).
multi-authored textbook Psycho-Oncology. With a board of six These strides notwithstanding, challenges remain. One
editors, the second edition followed in 2010. Its size, almost seven such challenge is how to disseminate the evidence base for
hundred pages, reflected the field’s exponential growth. We pres- psycho-oncology and change clinical practice at the bedside and
ent now the third edition of Psycho-Oncology, only four years after in the clinic. This is a formidable task. Our future endeavors will
the second, in order to keep up with the vast growth in knowledge. be aided by dissemination and implementation science, which
It is an honor once again to write the Preface. I am one of the few now is recognized as a field in its own right.4 However, stigma
living today who have seen the evolution of psycho-oncology from about mental illness persists in our culture. This stigma adversely
its birth, through its adolescence, and now into its full maturity. impacts the care of patients with cancer and their families. A big
This gives me an unusually broad perspective on the challenges step forward toward the goal of implementation has been achieved
and successes. The first opportunity to move the field forward by the explosion of attention to screening for distress as a part of
significantly occurred in the 1970s, when patients began to be routine care, like taking vital signs. It normalizes the inclusion of
given their cancer diagnoses and we could study their emotional questions about “the whole person” and eliminates the discomfort
responses to their illness. The fact that patients began to sur- that doctors and patients feel about asking questions that sound
vive their cancer—and talk about it—began to reduce the stigma “mental.”
attached to cancer. In this milieu, psycho-oncology was born, and Another challenge is the crisis that bears down upon the can-
research into the psychosocial aspects of cancer became possible. cer care system. Described by the IOM in a 2013 report, the crisis
However, the larger scientific community did not accept that comes from different directions.5 The increasing complexity of
patient-reported subjective symptoms could be valid. Even cancer care, a growing demand, and a shrinking workforce have
reports of pain were recorded in research studies from the physi- produced the perfect storm. Amid the increasing complexity of
cian’s observation, not the patient’s report. It became clear that cancer care, this third edition of Psycho-Oncology underscores the
we had to develop appropriate assessment tools for measuring importance of different professions working together as a team.
patients’ subjective symptoms in order to conduct clinical trials The field of psycho-oncology is interdisciplinary. Through the
of our interventions. The 1980s and 1990s thus were devoted to interdependent work of an interdisciplinary team, those work-
development of valid assessment instruments and conducting ing in psycho-oncology can advocate for patients and family as
studies and clinical trials of psychosocial and psychopharmaco- they navigate the complex cancer care system. They can accom-
logic interventions. pany them on their personal journeys of cancer care. However,
By 2000, an evidence base had developed, and the National it is the responsibility of psycho-oncology professionals to notice
Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) used it and expert as well the growing demand and the shrinking workforce. Just as
consensus to produce the first Guidelines for Management of we advocate for patients and families, we must recruit new profes-
Distress in Cancer.1 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the sionals into both clinical and research areas of psycho-oncology.
vi preface
This volume as a whole shows how exciting the field is and the key influential in affecting the course of treatment, the adaptation to the
role that psycho-oncology can play in contributing to the solution illness, and hence, in some ways, not all of which are yet understood,
of the impending crisis in cancer care delivery. affect the outcome of treatment.… It is, therefore, a great satisfaction
to see this new field of proper science handled, as in this book, with
The third edition has some new areas: several new
such care for the available facts of the matter and, at the same time,
evidence-based psychotherapies applicable for different stages of
with such high, but restrained hopes for the scientific future.
illness are described. The sections devoted to survivorship have
lengthened as we have increasingly studied survivors at all ages Twenty-five years later, the confidence that Dr. Thomas had in the
and better understand the issues and appropriate interventions. future of psycho-oncology is being affirmed by this, the third edi-
In this context, lifestyle has taken on new dimensions in terms of tion of Psycho-Oncology.
the prevention of cancer in healthy individuals, and the lifestyle
of survivors as a means of preventing relapse of cancer. Diet and Jimmie C. Holland
exercise have emerged as important in cancer prevention research. May 2014
They were not mentioned in the 1989 Handbook. New York, New York
This is a fitting time to look back at the Foreword in the
Handbook of Psycho-Oncology from 1989, which was written REFERENCES
by Lewis Thomas, physician and philosopher, and president of 1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN practice guidelines
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center at the time. He was an for the management of psychosocial distress. Oncology (Williston
enthusiastic supporter of our work, and his observations are just Park). 1999;13(5A):113–147.
as fresh today: 2. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Adler NE, Page AEK, eds. Cancer
Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs.
Within less than a decade, the term psycho-oncology, viewed with Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2008.
deep suspicion by most oncologists, has at last emerged as a respect- 3. American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. Cancer
able field for both application and research. In my own view, having Program Standards 2012, Version 1.1: Ensuring Patient-Centered
passed through both stages as skeptical clinician and administrator, Care. 2012.
the appearance on the scene of psychiatrists and experimental psy- 4. Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK, eds. Dissemination and
chologists has so vastly improved the lot of cancer patients as to make Implementation Research in Health: Translating Science Into Practice.
these new professionals indispensable. … The clinical oncologists of New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.
all stripes have, for too long, overlooked or ignored the psychologi- 5. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Delivering High-Quality Cancer
cal factors that may, for all we know at present, play a surprisingly Care: Charting A New Course for a System in Crisis. Washington,
large role in individual susceptibility to neoplasia. They are certainly DC: National Academies Press; 2013.
Contents
Contributors xiii 8 Cervical Cancer Screening 49
Suzanne M. Miller, Siu-kuen Azor Hui,
Introduction: History of Psycho-Oncology xxv
John Scarpato, and Minsun Lee
Jimmie C. Holland and Talia Weiss Wiesel
9 Breast Cancer Screening 58
Rory C. Weier, Sarah A. Reisinger,
SECTION I
and Electra D. Paskett
Behavioral and Psychological
Factors in Cancer Risk 10 Prostate Cancer Screening 64
Ronald E. Myers, Amy Leader, Melissa DiCarlo,
1 Tobacco Use and Cessation 3 Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, and Edouard Trabulsi
Thomas H. Brandon, Marina Unrod, and
Vani N. Simmons
SECTION III
2 Diet and Cancer 8 Screening and Testing for Genetic
Marian L. Fitzgibbon, Melinda R. Stolley, Susceptibility to Cancer
and Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
11 Psychosocial Issues in Genetic Testing
3 Physical Activity and Cancer 15
for Breast/Ovarian Cancer 71
Christine M. Friedenreich, Heather
Mary Jane Esplen and Eveline M. A. Bleiker
K. Neilson, and Darren M. R. Brenner
12 Psychosocial Issues in Genetic Testing for
4 Sun Exposure and Cancer Risk 22
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer 77
Anne E. Cust, Afaf Girgis, and
Andrea Farkas Patenaude and Susan K. Peterson
Bruce K. Armstrong
5 A Psychosocial Perspective on
SECTION IV
Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer 28
Psychological Issues Related to
Sara Fernandes-Taylor and Joan R. Bloom
Site of Cancer
6 Psychosocial Factors 35
Christoffer Johansen 13 Central Nervous System Tumors 87
Alan D. Valentine
SECTION II 14 Head and Neck Cancer 92
Screening for Cancer in Normal Gerald M. Devins, Kristen J. Otto,
and At-Risk Populations Jonathan C. Irish, and Gary Rodin
15 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary
7 Colorectal Cancer Screening 43
Cancers 98
Sally W. Vernon, Caitlin C. Murphy,
Virginia Sun and Robert S. Krouse
and Amy McQueen
viii contents
16 Lung Cancer 105 31 Weight and Appetite Loss in Cancer 239
Mary E. Cooley, Hermine Poghosyan, Neil MacDonald
and Linda Sarna
17 Genitourinary Malignancies 114 SECTION VI
Andrew J. Roth and Alejandro González-Restrepo Palliative and Terminal Care
18 Gynecologic Cancers 121 32 Hospice and Home Care 249
Heidi S. Donovan and Teresa L. Hagan
Stephen R. Connor
19 Skin Neoplasms and Malignant Melanoma 128 33 Canadian Virtual Hospice: A Template
Peter C. Trask
for Online Communication and Support 253
20 Breast Cancer 134 Harvey Max Chochinov, Mike Harlos, Shelly Cory,
Tish Knobf Glen Horst, Fred Nelson, and Brenda Hearson
21 Sarcoma 139 34 Training of Psychologists and Psychiatrists in
Michelle R. Brown, James Klosky, and Sheri L. Spunt Palliative Care 259
E. Alessandra Strada and William S. Breitbart
22 Hematopoietic Dyscrasias and Stem Cell
Transplantation 144
Jesse R. Fann and Mitch Levy SECTION VII
Psychiatric Disorders
23 HIV Infection and AIDS-Associated
Neoplasms 155 35 Psychiatric Emergencies 267
Joanna S. Dognin and Peter A. Selwyn
Andrew J. Roth and Talia R. Weiss Wiesel
24 Tumor of Unknown Primary Site 162 36 Adjustment Disorders 274
Anna M. Varghese and Leonard B. Saltz
Madeline Li, Sarah Hales, and Gary Rodin
37 Depressive Disorders 281
SECTION V
Peter Fitzgerald, Kimberley Miller,
Management of Specific Physical Madeline Li, and Gary Rodin
Symptoms
38 Suicide 289
25 Cancer-Related Pain 171 Hayley Pessin and William S. Breitbart
Roma S. Tickoo, R. Garrett Key, and 39 Anxiety Disorders 296
William S. Breitbart Joseph A. Greer, James MacDonald,
26 Nausea and Vomiting 199 and Lara Traeger
Brian Dietrich, Kavitha Ramchandran, 40 Delirium 304
and Jamie H. Von Roenn Yesne Alici, Alan T. Bates, and William S. Breitbart
27 Fatigue 209 41 Substance Use Disorders 317
Yesne Alici, Julienne E. Bower, and Kenneth L. Kirsh, Adam Rzetelny, and
William S. Breitbart Steven D. Passik
28 Sexual Problems After Cancer 220 42 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Associated
Andrew J. Roth, Jeanne Carter, Barbara with Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 323
Seidel, and Christian J. Nelson
Matthew N. Doolittle and Katherine N. DuHamel
29 Neuropsychological Impact of Cancer
43 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders,
and Cancer Treatments 225 Factitious Illness, and Malingering in the
Tim A. Ahles, Charissa Andreotti, and
Oncology Setting 339
Denise D. Correa
Ted Avi Gerstenblith, Lucy E. Hutner,
30 Sleep and Cancer 231 Felicia A. Smith, and Theodore A. Stern
Amy E. Lowery
contents ix
44 Cancer Care for Patients with Schizophrenia 345 55 Supportive Psychotherapy and Cancer:
Linda Ganzini and Anne F. Gross A New Model for an Old Therapy 443
Marguerite S. Lederberg, Mindy
45 Difficult Personality Traits and Disorders in
Greenstein, and Jimmie C. Holland
Oncology 356
John D. Wynn 56 Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions 449
Barbara L. Andersen, Caroline
S. Dorfman, and Neha Godiwala
SECTION VIII
Screening and Assessment in 57 Cognitive Therapy 458
Stirling Moorey and Maggie Watson
Psychosocial Oncology
58 Self-Management Support 464
46 Screening and Assessment for
Dena Schulman-Green, Edward
Unmet Needs 369 H. Wagner, and Ruth McCorkle
Amy Waller, Allison Boyes, Mariko Carey,
and Rob Sanson-Fisher 59 Building Problem-Solving Skills 470
Arthur M. Nezu, Christine Maguth
47 Assessment and Screening for Anxiety and
Nezu, and Kristin E. Salber
Depression 378
Paul B. Jacobsen and Kristine A. Donovan 60 Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy 475
Wendy G. Lichtenthal, Allison J. Applebaum,
48 Screening and Assessment for Distress 384 and William S. Breitbart
Alex J. Mitchell
61 Dignity in the Terminally Ill:
49 Screening and Assessment for Delirium Empirical Findings and Clinical
and Dementia 396 Applications 480
Reena Jaiswal, Yesne Alici, and William S. Breitbart Harvey Max Chochinov and
Maia S. Kredentser
50 Screening and Assessment for
Cognitive Problems 405 62 Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully
James C. Root, Elizabeth Ryan, and Tim A. Ahles (CALM) Therapy 487
Sarah Hales, Christopher Lo, and Gary Rodin
51 Cross-Cultural Considerations in
Screening and Assessment 411 63 Mindfulness Meditation and Yoga
Luigi Grassi, Maria Giulia Nanni, for Cancer Patients 492
Kristine A. Donovan, and Paul B. Jacobsen Linda E. Carlson
64 Art and Music Therapy 497
SECTION IX
Paola M. Luzzatto and Lucanne Magill
Principles of Psychotropic
65 Religion/Spirituality and Cancer:
Management
A Brief Update of Selected Research 503
Andrea L. Canada and George Fitchett
52 Psychotropic Medications in Cancer Care 419
David P. Yuppa and Ilana M. Braun 66 Integrative Oncology 509
Alejandro Chaoul, Gabriel Lopez, Richard Tsong Lee,
M. Kay Garcia, Moshe Frenkel, and Lorenzo Cohen
SECTION X
Evidence-Based Interventions 67 Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions
in Cancer Survivors 515
53 Principles of Psychotherapy 431 Kerry S. Courneya, Jennifer J. Crawford,
E. Alessandra Strada and Barbara M. Sourkes and Scott C. Adams
54 Healthcare Provider Communication: 68 Acceptance and Commitment
The Model of Optimal Therapeutic Therapy (ACT) for Cancer Patients 521
Effectiveness 437 Nick Hulbert-Williams and Ray Owen
Harvey Max Chochinov and Heather Campbell-Enns
