Psychiatry: An evidence-based text

1262 Pages·2009·30.522 MB·\1262

by  Bassant Puri (Author), Ian Treasaden (Author)

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Psychiatry:
An Evidence-Based Text
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Psychiatry:
An Evidence-Based Text
Edited by
Professor Basant Puri
Honorary Consultant in Imaging and Psychiatry
Hammersmith Hospital and Imperial College, London, UK
Dr Ian Treasaden
Head of Forensic Neurosciences, Lipid Neuroscience Group
and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry,
Imperial College London and Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist,
West London Mental Health NHS Trust, London, UK
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20130319
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4441-1326-6 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
CONTRIBUTORS VII
PREFACE XI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XII
PART 1:THE FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE
1 History of psychiatry Trevor Turner 3
2 Introduction to evidence-based medicine Stuart Carney 16
3 History and philosophy of science Bill Fulford and Tom Thornton 19
4 Research methods and statistics Daniel Stahl and Morven Leese 34
5 Epidemiology Stephen Stansfeld and Charlotte Clark 72
6 How to practise evidence-based medicine Stuart Carney 83
7 Psychological assessment and psychometrics Ann Mortimer 89
PART 2: DEVELOPMENTAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL PSYCHIATRY
8 Human development Marcus Munafò and Angela Attwood 103
9 Introduction to basic psychology Richard Gross 127
10 Awareness Richard Gross 137
11 Stress Richard Gross 153
12 Emotion Richard Gross 166
13 Information-processing and attention Richard Gross 179
14 Learning theory Richard Gross 195
15 Motivation Richard Gross 213
16 Perception Richard Gross 229
17 Memory Richard Gross 246
18 Language and thought Richard Gross 266
19 Personality John Green and Georgina Smith 278
20 Social psychology Raj Persaud 285
21 Social science and sociocultural psychiatry Mary Boulton 297
22 Cultural psychiatry Dinesh Bhugra and Sean Cross 307
PART 3: NEUROSCIENCE
23 Neuroanatomy Basant K Puri and Bari M Logan 331
24 Basic concepts in neurophysiology Paul Strutton 354
25 Neurophysiology of integrated behaviour Basant K Puri 361
26 Neurogenesis and cerebral plasticity Basant K Puri 374
27 The neuroendocrine system Peter Fitzgerald and Timothy G Dinan 385
28 The neurophysiology and neurochemistry of arousal
and sleep John Shneerson 397
29 The electroencephalogram and evoked potential studies Caroline Brown and Jonathan Bird 400
30 Neurochemistry Gavin P Reynolds, Michael K Harte and Trisha A Jenkins 410
31 Neuropathology Steve M Gentleman 435
32 Neuroimaging Basant K Puri 445
33 Genetics Michael Gill and Jane McGrath 465
PART 4: MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND MENTAL ILLNESS
34 Classification and diagnostic systems Pesach Lichtenberg and RH Belmaker 489
35 Cognitive assessment Adam Zeman and Lorna Torrens 499
36 Neurology for psychiatrists Peter Garrard 519
37 Organic disorders David P Moore and Basant K Puri 541
38 Schizophrenia and paranoid psychoses Peter F Buckley and Peter Jones 593
39 Mood disorders/affective psychoses Ewa Wisniewska Young, Nicol Ferrier, Brian Lunn
and Andrew Brittlebank 610
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vi Contents
40 Neurotic and stress-related disorders Ian Treasaden 640
41 Dissociative (conversion), hypochondriasis and other
somatoform disorders Ian Treasaden 665
42 Eating disorders Kate Webb, Ewa Zadeh, Victoria Mountford
and J Hubert Lacey 687
43 Personality disorders Peter Tyrer 704
44 Perinatal psychiatry Ian Brockington 715
45 Psychosexual medicine Sandy Goldbeck-Wood 733
46 Gender identity disorders James Barrett 754
47 Paraphilias and sexual offenders Ian Treasaden 761
48 Psychiatric assessment of physical illness Geoffrey Lloyd 779
49 Overlapping multi-system, multi-organ illnesses/syndromes Malcolm Hooper 788
50 Multiple chemical sensitivity Malcolm Hooper 793
51 Mental health problems in patients with myalgic
encephalomyelitis and fibromyalgia syndrome Byron Hyde 821
52 Pain and psychiatry Stephen Tyrer 835
53 Sleep disorders John Shneerson 844
54 Suicide and deliberate self-harm Chris Hawley, Paul St John Smith and Ash Padhi 854
55 Emergency psychiatry Basant K Puri and Ian Treasaden 870
56 Care of the dying and bereaved Hilary Pavis and Maelie Swanwick 876
PART 5: APPROACHES TO TREATMENT
57 Clinical psychopharmacology Malcolm Lader and David Taylor 893
58 Electroconvulsive therapy Alan Scott 922
59 Transcranial magnetic stimulation and vagus nerve
stimulation RH Belmaker 931
60 Psychotherapy: an introduction C Susan Mizen 934
61 Dynamic psychotherapy Chris Mace 947
62 Family therapy Rudi Dallos 955
63 Marital therapy David Hewison 967
64 Group therapy John Gordon and Gabriel Kirtchuk 973
65 Cognitive-behavioural therapy Rebecca Martinez and Chris Williams 984
66 Other individual psychotherapies Basant K Puri 994
67 Therapeutic communities Kingsley Norton and Fiona Warren 1003
68 Effectiveness of psychotherapy Peter Fonagy 1009
PART 6: CLINICAL SPECIALTIES
69 Addiction psychiatry Ilana B Crome and Roger Bloor 1021
70 Child and adolescent psychiatry Sami Timimi and Kedar Dwivedi 1047
71 Learning disability psychiatry Mark Dickinson and Iqbal Singh 1079
72 Old-age psychiatry Boben Benjamin and Alistair Burns 1100
73 Rehabilitation psychiatry Frank Holloway and Sridevi Kalidindi 1120
PART 7: MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION
74 Management of psychiatric services Hameen Markar and Borislav Iankov 1137
75 Advice to special medical services Geoffrey Lloyd 1142
PART 8: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHIATRY
76 Forensic psychiatry Ian Treasaden 1153
77 Legal aspects of psychiatric care, with particular reference
to England and Wales Ian Treasaden 1214
78 Ethics and law Gwen Adshead 1234
79 Risk assessment Anthony Maden 1239
APPENDIX 1248
INDEX 1249
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Contributors
Angela Attwood BSc PhD Charlotte Clark BSc (Hons) PhD
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Lecturer in Environmental and Mental Health
Bristol, Bristol, UK Epidemiology, Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of
Preventive Medicine, Barts and the London School of
James Barrett MB BS(Hons) BSc MSc FRCPsych
Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London,
Lead Clinician, National Gender Identity Clinic, London, UK
London, UK
RH Belmaker MD Ilana Crome MA MD MPhil FRCPsych
Hoffer-Vickar Professor of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion Academic Director of Psychiatry and Professor of Addiction
University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Psychiatry, Keele University Medical School, Harplands
Hospital, Staffordshire, UK
Boben Benjamin BSc (Hons) MD LRCP LRCS LMSSA MRCPsych
Specialist Registrar in Old Age Psychiatry, Wythenshawe Sean Cross BSc (Hons) MBChB MSt MRCPsych
Hospital, Manchester, UK SpR, Department of Liaison Psychiatry, St Thomas’
Hospital, London, UK
Dinesh Bhugra MA MSc MBBS FRCPsych MPhil Phd
Professor of Mental Health and Cultural Diversity, Institute Rudi Dallos BA MSc PhD Dip (Clin Psych)
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of
of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
Plymouth, UK
Jonathan Bird BSc MBChB FRCPsych
Mark Dickinson BSc MBBS MRCPsych
Consultant Neuropsychiatrist and Clinical Electro -
The Combined Learning Disability Team, Enfield,
encephalographer, The Burden Institute, Frenchay Hospital,
Middlesex, UK
Bristol, UK
Timothy G Dinan MD PhD FRCPsych
Roger Bloor MD MPsyMed FRCPsych
Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
Senior Lecturer and Consultant Psychiatrist, Keele
University Medical School, Harplands Hospital, Kedar Nath Dwivedi MBBS MD DPM FRCPsych
Staffordshire, UK Director, International Institute of Child and Adolescent
Mental Heath, Visiting Professor, London Metropolitan
Mary Boulton BA PhD HonMFPH University, Formerly, Consultant Child and Adolescent
Professor of Health Sociology, School of Health and Social
Psychiatrist, Northampton, UK
Care, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
Nicol Ferrier BSc MD FRCPsych FRCPed
Andrew Brittlebank MA FRCPsych Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle
Director of Medical Education, Northumberland Tyne and upon Tyne, UK
Wear NHS Trust, St Nicholas Hospital, Newcastle upon
Peter Fitzgerald MB MRCPsych
Tyne, UK
Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
Ian Brockington MB B Chir MPhil MD FRCP FRCPsych
Peter Fonagy PhD FBA
Professor Emeritus, University of Birmingham
Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis, University
College London, Chief Executive, The Anna Freud Centre,
Caroline Brown BSc PhD
Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of London, UK
the West of England , Bristol, UK
Bill (KWM) Fulford DPhil FRCP FRCPsych
Fellow of St Cross College, Member of the Philosophy
Peter F Buckley MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, University
Associate Dean for Leadership Development, Medical of Oxford; Professor of Philosophy and Mental Health,
College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA University of Warwick; Co-Director, Institute for
Philosophy, Diversity and Mental Health, University of
Alistair Burns MBChB FRCP FRCPsych MD MPhil DHMSA Central Lancashire; and Special Adviser for Values-Based
Professor of Old Age Psychiatry, Deputy Dean (Clinical Practice, Department of Health, London, UK
Affairs) University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Peter Garrard PhD FRCP
Stuart Carney MBChB MPH MRCPsych FAcadMed Reader in Neurology, University of Southampton School of
Deputy National Director, UK Foundation Programme, Medicine Division of Clinical Neuroscience Southampton,
Cardiff, UK UK
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viii Contributors
Steve Gentleman BSc PhD Borislav Iankov MBBS MRCPsych
Deputy Head of Division (Teaching), Reader in Specialty Training Registrar – General Adult Psychiatry,
Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Clinical Bedfordshire & Luton Mental Health and Social Care
Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Partnership Trust, Luton, UK
Imperial College London, London, UK
Trisha A Jenkins BSc PhD
Michael Gill MD MRCPsych FTCD Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University Belfast,
Professor of Psychiatry and Head of Department, Belfast, UK
Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Peter B Jones MD PhD FRCIP FRCPsych FMedSci
Sciences, St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Professor of Psychiatry and Head of Department,
Sandy Goldbeck-Wood MBChB MIPM MA (Psychoanalytic Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge,
Studies) Dip (ERT) Cambridge, UK
Specialist Doctor in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ipswich
Sridevi Kalidindi MRCPsych
Hospital, Suffolk, UK
Consultant Psychiatrist in Recovery and Rehabilitation
John Gordon AB (Harvard) Psychiatry, Croydon Integrated Adult Mental Health
Consultant Adult Psychotherapist, Forensic Psychotherapy Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS
Department and the Cassel Hospital, West London Mental Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
Health NHS Trust; Psychoanalyst (British Psychoanalytic
Gabriel Kirtchuk
Association); Group Analyst (Institute of Group Analysis);
Consultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy
Lecturer, Faculty of Continuing Education, Birkbeck
Training Department, West London Mental Health NHS
College, University of London; and Honorary Senior
Trust, Southall, Middlesex, UK
Lecturer, Imperial College Medical School, London, UK
J Hubert Lacey MD MPhil FRCPsych
John Green BA MScClinPsych PhD
Professor of Psychiatry, St George’s, University of London
Chief Psychologist, CNW Department of Clinical Health
and Director of St George’s Eating Disorders Service,
Psychology, St. Mary’s Hospital, London NHS Foundation
London
Trust, UK; and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Behavioural
Sciences, Imperial College, London Malcolm Lader OBE LLB DSc MD PhD FRCPsych FMed Sci
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychopharmacology,
Richard Gross BA (Jt Hons) MA (Ed) Cert Ed
Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
Full time academic author of many widely-used Psychology
texts Morven Leese MSc PhD
Health Service and Population Research Department,
Michael K Harte BSc PhD
Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University
of Bradford, Bradford, UK Pesach Lichtenberg MD
Department of Psychiatry, Herzog Hospital; and Clinical
Chris Hawley MB BS MRCPsych
Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, Hadassah Medical School of
Hertfordshire Partnership Foundation Trust, St Albans; and
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical
School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK Geoffrey G Lloyd FCC Psych MD MA
Visiting Consultant Psychiatrist, Priory Hospital North
David Hewison LLB PGDipSW CQSW MA ProfMbr SAP
London, London, UK
DipMarPsych FMbr SCPP DCplPsychPsych CertMgmt (Open)
Senior Couple Psychoanalytic Psychotherapist and Head of Brian Lunn MB ChB FRCPsych
Research, Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships, Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer School of Medical
London, UK Sciences Education Development, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Frank Holloway FRCPsych
Consultant Psychiatrist and Clinical Director, Croydon Chris Mace MD FRCPsych
Integrated Adult Mental Health Service, South London and Consultant Psychotherapist, Coventry and Warwickshire
Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Partnership Trust, Honorary Associate Professor in
Beckenham, UK Psychotherapy, University of Warwick, UK
Malcolm Hooper PhD BPharm MRIC CChem Hameen Markar FRCP FRCPsych MPhil
Emeritus Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Medical Director, Bedfordshire & Luton Mental Health and
Sunderland, Sunderland, UK Social Care Partnership NHS Trust, Luton, UK
Byron Hyde MD Rebecca Martinez DM MSc MRCEP MRCPsych
Chairman, Nightingale Research Foundation, Ottawa, Clinical Lecturer in Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine,
Canada University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Contributors ix
Jane McGrath MB MRCPsych Paul St John Smith MA (Oxon) BM BCh FRCPsych
Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Consultant Psychiatrist, Hertfordshire Partnership
Sciences, St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Foundation Trust, St Albans, UK
C Susan Mizen MBBS MRCPsych Memb SAP Daniel Stahl Dipl Biol Dr rer nat
Consultant Psychiatrist in Psychotherapy, Wonford House Lecturer in Biostatistics, Dept of Biostatistics & Computing,
Hospital, Exeter, UK Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, UK
David P Moore MD Stephen Stansfeld MB BS PhD MRCP FRCPsych
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Chair & Centre Lead for Psychiatry, Centre for Psychiatry,
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and the
School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary,
University of London, London, UK
Ann Mortimer BSc MMedSc MD FRCPsych
Foundation chair in Psychiatry and Head of Department of Maelie Swanwick FRCP
Psychiatry, University of Hull, Hull, UK Consultant in Palliative Medicine, Nightingale Macmillan
Unit, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
Victoria Mountford BA Hons DClinPsych
Clinical Psychologist and Honorary Research Fellow, St David Taylor BSc FFPH
Chief Pharmacist, South London and Maudsley NHS
George’s Eating Disorders Service and St George’s,
Foundation Trust, London, UK
University of London
Marcus R Munafò PhD Tim Thornton
Reader in Biological Psychology, Department of Director of Philosophy and Professor of Philosophy and
Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Mental Health, International School for Communities,
Rights and Inclusion, University of Central Lancashire,
Kingsley Norton MA (Cantab) MD FRCPsych Preston, UK
Consultant Psychotherapist, West London Mental Health
Services, Southall, Middlesex, UK Sami Timimi MBChB MRCPsych
Consultant child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Lincolnshire
Ash Padhi SpR Partnership NHS Trust, Visiting Professor of Child and
Specialist Trainee, Hertfordshire Partnership Foundation Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Social
Trust, St Albans, UK Sciences, Lincoln University
Hilary Pavis MA MRCGP Lorna Torrens BA DClinPsych
Consultant in Palliative Medicine, Nightingale Macmillan Head of Clinical Psychology, Astley Ainslie Hospital,
Unit, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK Edinburgh, UK
Raj Persaud FRCPsych Trevor Turner DHMSA MD FRCPsych
Consultant Psychiatrist, Emeritus Visiting Gresham Consultant Psychiatrist, East London Foundation Trust,
Professor for the Public Understanding of Psychiatry, Homerton University Hospital London; and Honorary
Gresham Collge, London, UK Senior Clinical Lecturer, Barts and the London School of
Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London,
Gavin P Reynolds BA PhD UK
Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry,
Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK Peter Tyrer FMedSci FRCPsych
Department of Psychological Medicine, Imperial College
Allan Scott BSc MPhil MD MBA FRCPsych London, London, UK
Consultant Psychiatrist, Royal Edinburgh Hospital,
Edinburgh, UK Stephen Tyrer MB LMCC FRCPsych
Consultant in Psychiatry and Pain, Mental Health Unit,
John Shneerson MA DM MD FRCP FCCP Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand
Sleep Disorders Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Fiona Warren MA PhD
Iqbal Singh MB BS FRCPsych Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Human
Consultant Psychiatrist in Learning Disability, The Riverside Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Centre, Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
Kate Webb MRCPsych
Georgina Smith Sp R and Honorary Research Assistant, St George’s Eating
Department of Clinical Health Psychology, St. Mary’s Disorders Service and St George’s, University of London,
Hospital, London, UK London, UK