Provision of Underpass Pedestrian Cross in Addis Ababa Railway Construction Projects

171 Pages·2016·6.98 MB·English

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (AAiT)

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Provision of Underpass Pedestrian Crossings in Addis
Ababa Railway Construction Projects

By
Biruk Desta

Advisor: Dr. Asnake Adamu

A Thesis Submitted to School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial
Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Civil Engineering
(Structures Major)
May, 2016
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ( AAiT )

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Provision of Underpass Pedestrian Crossing in Addis Ababa
Railway Construction Projects

By
Biruk Desta

Approved by Board of Examiners:
Dr. Asnake Adamu
Advisor Date Signature

____________________
External Examiner Date Signature

____________________
____________________
Internal Examiner Date Signature

Chairperson Date Signature

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DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled ―Provision of underpass pedestrian cross in Addis Ababa
Railway Construction Project is the result of my own original work except as in references. The
thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of
any other degree in any other university that I know of.

Biruk Desta
Signature: __________________________

Place:
Addis Ababa University, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
Department of Civil Engineering
Date: May, 2016

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my advisor,
Dr. Asnake Adamu, for his close support and valuable comments during my thesis work without
whom it would have been difficult to complete. I really value his contribution for the successful
completion of this thesis.
I am also greatly indebted to acknowledge Dr. Esayas G/youhannes for availing himself whenever
I needed his support.
I thank the Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) for giving me a rare opportunity to study for this
Master’s Degree course under the government sponsored program.
I would like to thank all the provided the requested information including professional guidance.
Those who provided valuable support included my, Senior Engineers from Ethiopian Road
Authority (ERA), Ethiopian Railway Corporation, Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA),
Net Consulting Engineers and Architects and some members of staff of Addis Ababa Institute of
Technology and the general public.
I also would like to thank D/Commander Shambel Mulusew and A/Sagien Hussien Mohammed,
the members of Addis Ababa Police Commission, Bole District Community Policing Department
who availed traffic accidents data.
Finally, I like to appreciate my families for their encouragement and help.

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ABSTRACT
The Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (AA-LRT) Project consists of E-W & N-S lines, with the total
length of the mainline 31.025km has been operational since the end of 2015. The project is
implemented to solve the transportation problem of the city at large, but it is identified that the
drawback regarding the pedestrian cross is the major cause of the traffic accidents.
This problem of pedestrian cross needs a critical solution for the sustainability of the railway
service and integrated traffic flows. The provision of underpass pedestrian crossing enhances
safety of pedestrians, save time and solve traffic conflicts. An oral interview questionnaire was
administered by interviewing pedestrians who were crossing on the railway station as part of
demographic survey. The oral interview also included the vendors selling their goods on the
underpass pedestrian crossing and business people with hawkers surrounding the underpass
pedestrian crossing. As alternative recommendation, to solve the above problems providing an
appropriate path for pedestrians is vital. Constructing pedestrian underpass crossing on the Addis
Ababa Railway Construction Projects is one solution for preventing the railway traffic accident in
Addis Ababa.
This solution or facilities can represent one of the most important elements of a community’s non
-motorized transportation network. These structures are built in response to user demand for safe
crossings where they previously did not exist. They are provided at locations where there are
hazardous pedestrian crossing conditions like in areas where there are few or no gaps in the traffic
stream, conflicts between motorists and pedestrians and in locations where large numbers of school
children cross busy streets.
The final sample design of Reinforced concrete Bridge superstructures having clear span length of
10 meters and 4.0 meters high bridge clearance with stair and ramps. The pedestrian underpass
crossing is located at Ayat – Megenegna and Kality – Meskel Square at every 300m provide
pedestrian crossing. Safe and Convenient access to business, civic activities and other modes of
transportation.

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NOTATIONS
A Area of steel
s
A Area of concrete
c
A Gross area
g
𝑎 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block (mm); the anchor plate width
(mm); the lateral dimension of the anchorage device measured parallel to the
larger dimension of the cross-section (mm)
𝑏 Width of the compression face of the member (mm); the lateral dimension of the
anchorage device measured parallel to the smaller dimension of the cross-
section (mm)
𝑑 Distance from compression face to centroid of tension reinforcement (mm)
𝑑 Effective concrete slab depth
𝑒
𝐸 Young’s Modulus in (MPa)
𝐸 Modulus of elasticity of concrete (MPa)
𝑐
𝐸 Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing bars (MPa)
𝑠
𝐸𝐼 Flexural stiffness (N-mm2)
𝑓′ Specified compressive strength of concrete for use in design (MPa)
𝑐
𝑓 Specified minimum yield strength of reinforcing bars (MPa)
𝑦
𝐼 Moment of inertia of the cracked section, transformed to concrete (m4)
𝑐𝑟
𝐼 Effective moment of inertia (mm4)
𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐼 Moment of inertia of the gross concrete section about the centroidal axis,
𝑔
neglecting the Reinforcement (mm4)
𝐿 Span length
v
𝑀 Bending moment
𝑀 Cracking moment (N-mm)
𝑐𝑟
𝑀 Factored moment at the section(strength limit state)
𝑢
𝑀 For service limit state
𝑠
𝑀 Maximum moment due to Truck
𝑡𝑟
𝑀 Maximum moment due to Tandem
𝑡𝑎
𝑀 Maximum moment due to Lane
𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑁𝐿 Number of lane
𝑄 Statical moment about neutral axis
𝑡 Slab thickness
𝑠
𝑉 Maximum shear force due to Truck
𝑡𝑟
𝑉 Maximum shear force due to Tandem
𝑡𝑎
𝑉 Maximum shear force due to Lane
𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑊 Uniform dead load
𝑊 Total dead load on the bridge
𝐷𝐶
𝛾 Partial safety factor of steel
𝑠
𝛾 Partial safety factor of concrete
𝑐
∆ Deflection

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Table of Contents Page

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION……………..……………………………….………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Background.……………….………..……………..……………………………………………………….…….……..1
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the study.………………..…………………………………………………………….2
1.3 Contents of the Thesis ………………….………………………………………………………………………….…3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………….4
2.1 General………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……..4
2.2 Choice of Underpass Pedestrian Crossing ……….………..…………..…………………………..……..4
2.2.1 Choice of Location……………………………………………………………………………………………4
2.2.2 Land use along Project Area ….………………………………..………………………….………..….5
2.2.3 Investigation for Underpass Pedestrian Crossing ….....…...………….……..………….…..5
2.2.4 Factors affecting of the provision of underpass pedestrian crossing and Choice of
cross-section……………………………………………………………………………………………………5
2.2.5 Cross-section of Underpass Pedestrian crossing ..…..…………………………………..…….6
2.2.6 Access to the underpass pedestrian crossing .………………………………..…….……….…..7
2.2.6.1 General ………………………………………………………………………………………….….…7
2.2.6.2 Access Ramps …………..………………………………………………………….……….…….8
2.2.6.3 Access Stairs ..………………………………………………………….…….…………..….……8
2.2.6.4 Visibility ……………………..……………………………………………...………..…………….9
2.2.7 Principles of Pedestrian Flow ….…….……………………..……………...………………………...10
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2.2.8 Pedestrian Speed-Density Relationship .………….………………….….……………….………10
2.2.9 Pedestrian Speed-Flow Relationship …………………….…..…………..…………………….…11
2.2.10 Pedestrian Speed- Space Relationship ………….…………..………..………..………………12
2.2.11 The Safe System approach and pedestrian safety ……..……..…………….……………..12
2.2.12 Advantages and Disadvantages of underpass pedestrian cross ………….……………13
2.3 Design Consideration …….…..……………….…..…………………………………………………………….14
2.3.1 Design and Construction Techniques …..…………….…….………..………………………....14
2.3.2 Design Objectives ……....………...…………………………………………………………………..…14
2.3.3 Expansion Joints in Bridge concrete structures ………………….…………………………...16
2.3.4 Main design principles and standards ……..………..………….……………………………..…16
2.3.5 Rail Transit Load ……….................................................................……………..…..17
2.3.5.1 Dynamic Load Allowance ……………………………….…………………………………..18
2.3.6 Pedestrian Loads…………………….……………………………………………..……………………….18
2.3.7 Exterior Design……………………..……………………………………………………………………….18
2.4 Construction Details …………………….………………………………….…………………………………….19
2.4.1 Surface Finishes………………………………………………..……..…………………………………….19
2.4.2 Lighting…………………………………………………………….……..…………………………………….20
2.4.3 Video Surveillance……………………..……………………………….………………………………….21
2.4.4 Drainage……………………..………………………………………………………………………………….21
2.4.4.1 General ………………………………………………………..….…………………………………..21
2.4.4.2 The use of land drainage perforated pipes…………..…………………………………..21
2.4.4.3 The internal part of drainage system…………………..…………………………………..23
2.4.5 Handrail…………………………………………………………….……..…………………………………….23
2.4.6 Markings and Signs……………………………………………………..………………………………….24
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2.4.7 Maintenance……………………………………………………………..…………………………………….25
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. ASSESSMENT OF THE ADDIS ABABA LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PRACTICE AND
OBSERVED PROBLEM……………………..………….…..…………………………..………………………….26
3.1 General……………………………………………..……………………………..…………………………………….26
3.1.1 Underpass and Overpass Pedestrian Crossing……………….………..….………..………….26
3.2 Underpass Pedestrian crossing…………………………………………..…………………………………….26
3.2.1 Subways: A solution with problems…………………………..…………………………………….28
3.3 Overpass Pedestrian crossing on the Railway Stations…………..………………………………….29
3.3.1. Problems of overpass pedestrian crossing ……………………………………………………….29
3.4 Survey Interviews…………………………………………………………………………………………………….31
3.4.1 Oral Interviews Questionnaire to Pedestrians ………………………………………………….31
3.4.2 Results on Oral Questionnaire Interviews to Pedestrians………………………………….32
3.4.2.1 Pedestrian Profile……………………………………………………………………………….32
3.4.2.1.1 Gender…………………………....………………………………………………….32
3.4.2.1.2 Interviewee's Physical Condition………....…..………………………….32
3.4.2.1.3 Age Group………....…..……………………………………….………………….33
3.4.2.2 Origin and Destination……………………………………………………………………….34
3.4.2.2.1Trip Purpose………......……………………………………….………………….34
3.4.2.3 Pedestrian Perception……….................…………………………….………………….34
3.4.2.3.1 Reasons for shunning pedestrian crossing on railway station…….34
3.4 Accident Data Profile………………………..…………………………………………………………………….35

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