Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators

342 Pages·2001·18.37 MB·English

by  Wioletta Wieszczycka

f o to
Radiotherapy
Accelerators
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WiolettfrtWiesztzycka & Waldemar H. Scharf
World Scientific
* / /
Proton
Radiotherapy
Accelerators

Proton
Radiotherapy
Accelerators
Wioletta Wieszczycka
Waldemar H. Scharf
Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
V fe World Scientific
«• New JJeersrseeyy • •L Loonnddoonn • •S Sh ingapore • Hong Kong
Published by
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
PROTON RADIOTHERAPY ACCELERATORS
Copyright 2001 this edition by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
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photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 981-02-4528-9
Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd
This book is dedicated to my Parents
and my brother Karol
Wioletta Wieszczycka

PREFACE
Hadronic radiotherapy uses particle beams to treat tumors located near
critical body structures and tumors that respond poorly to conventional
photon and electron beam radiotherapy. Intital research in hadronic
radiotherapy was performed using accelerators built for physics research.
The good results of the proton and ion therapy programms have enhanced
the tendency to use protontherapy as a routine method. There are about 20
working protontherapy facilities (first, second and third generation) and
more than 30 centers is planned.
This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the field with a
discussion on the fundamental basis of particle physics and radiobiology, as
well as review of clinical and technical specificatioons and designs for
proton radiotherapy. In particular, the current designs of proton and heavy
ion accelerators, beam delivery systems, gantries, beam monitoring and
dosimetry systems, patient positioning and immobilisation devices, control
and safety systems, accelerator and whole center shielding, and ancillary
treatment facilities are widely discussed. The book contains the review of the
global costs and financial analysis of the activities of the proton radiotherapy
center. Finally, a proposal of a dedicated hospital-based protontherapy
facility is presented.
The book is devoted to engineers and physicians involved in the design
and construction of proton radiotherapy accelerators, accelerator and
biomedical physics and devoted to radiotherapists, as well as undergraduate
and graduate students in high energy physics.
The present book owes a great deal to Dr. Andre Laisne (Pantechnik,
France) who has shown a great interest and offered a great help by reviewing
the whole manuscript of Proton Raditherapy Accelerators. The authors also
want to express their thanks to Prof. Ugo Amaldi from CERN and
Prof. Sadayoshi Fukumoto and Kuninori Endo (both from KEK, Japan) for
valuable materials and remarks on the book. We also wish to give a special
thanks to Dr. S. Ternier (IBA), Dr. I. Akifumi (Hyogo), Dr. A. Maruhashi
Vll
viii Proton Radiotherapy A ccelerators
(PMRC), Prof. A. Mazal (CPO), Dr. P. Chauvel (CAL), Prof. A.G. Moloka-
nov(JINR), Dr. S. Fukuda (Wakasa Way), Dr. T. Nishio (NCC) - for inter
esting materials and valuable suggestions.
Wioletta Wieszczycka
Waldemar H. Scharf
Warsaw, Poland
January 2001
CONTENTS
PREFACE vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Cancer and Radiation Therapy 1
1.2 Historical Development of Radiation Therapy 3
1.3 Modern Tools for Conventional Radiotherapy 9
1.3.1 Main Parameters of Conventional Therapy Beams 9
1.3.2 Elements of Conventional Accelerator System 11
1.3.3 Reasons for Development of Nonconventional
Radiotherapies 14
1.3.3.1 Protontherapy 15
1.3.3.2 Radiotherapy with Ions of Light Atoms
(Light Ions) 15
1.3.3.3 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 17
1.4 Glossary 17
1.4.1 Beam Intensity 17
1.4.2 Beam Range in an Absorbing Medium 18
1.4.3 Bragg Peak Modulation 19
1.4.4 Range Adjustment 19
1.4.5 Radiation Field 19
1.4.6 Field Homogeneity on a Transverse Section 19
1.4.7 Homogeneity Region in a Plane Orthogonal to the
Beam Direction 20
1.4.8 Field Homogeneity along the Beam Axis 21
1.4.9 Field Symmetry 22
1.4.10 Lateral Penumbra 22
1.4.11 Distal Dose Fall-off 22
ix