Table Of ContentProtected Areas Systems
Review of the
Indo-Malayan Realm
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge
littp://www.arcliive.org/details/protectedareassy97mack
PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEMS REVffiW
OF THE
INDO-MALAYAN REALM
4^-^^
Prepared on behalfofthe World Bank
by
The Asian Bureau for Conservation (ABC)
in collaboration with
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC)
Edited by John MacKinnon
Canterbury, England March 1997
WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE
Published by: The Asian Bureau for Conservation Limited
1 Tramway Path, Central, Hong Kong.
88 Wincheap, Canterbury, KENT CTl 3RS, England
Copyright: The World Bank, Washington, USA
962-85152-1-7
ISBN:
Cover Design: Lu Hefen
Cover photo: Sao La - a newly discovered genus ofbovid in Vietnam
Photo credit: WWF/David Hulse
Printed by: Call Printers Limited, Cambridge, U.K.
Available from: The World Bank, Asian Technical Division,
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
or
The Asian Bureau for Conservation Limited
88 Wincheap, Canterbury CTl 3RS, England
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely
those ofthe authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to
its affiliated organizations, to members ofits Board ofDirectors or the countries they
represent. The boundaries, colours, and denominations and other information shown
on any map in this volume do not imply on the part ofthe World Bank Group, Asian
Bureau for Conservation, or World Conservation Monitoring Centre anyjudgement
on the legal status ofany territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such
boundaries.
FOREWORD
This report documents the growth and changing character ofthe protected areas systems
ofthe Indo-Malayan Realm over the ten year period 1986 - 1996 and updates the Review
ofthe Protected Areas System in the Indo-Malayan Realm published by the lUCN in 1986.
In addition, the report provides specific suggestions on how the present approaches and
initiatives relating to protected areas management could be improved throughout the
Realm.
The 1986 - 1996 period was a time ofuneven change in the level ofpublic awareness and
political commitment to biodiversity conservation throughout the countries of the Indo-
Malayan Realm. There were many noteworthy initiatives to halt the loss of biodiversity
through the establishment of national protected areas systems. Yet, the extinction of
species, the conversion and degradation of natural habitats and the disruption of
ecological processes continues at a disturbing rate throughout much ofAsia. Changes in
public awareness and political good will have yet to result in the level, or quality of "on-
the-ground" protected areas management required to halt or reverse these negative
trends. As the report points out, there is a long way to go towards establishing a truly
effective protected areas system forthe Indo-Malayan Realm.
During the 1986 - 1996 period, many covintries undertook their own national biodiversity
reviews or developed detailed national conservation strategies and environmental action
plans. These various national efforts — each varying with respect to style, approach,
methodology, and objective — now make it necessary to synthesize the large pool ofnew
information into areadily accessible format upon which to buildfor the futiire.
The report makes specific suggestions at the country and bio-unit levels on priorities for
future investments and institutional development. A vpide range of national and
international interventions are needed. Perhaps most importantly, the report highlights
the urgent need to develop the human resources capacity to implement and manage
national protected areas systems. Programs to provide practical training and equipment
for on the groundmanagers and scientists are the utmost priority.
We hope this review will be of value to conservation specialists and development
practitioners in their quest to conserve Asia's rich biological resources upon which so
manypeople depend.
Marltta Koch-Weser Colin Rees
Division Chief Division Chief
Environment and Land, Water and Natural
Natural Resources Division Habitats Division
Asia Technical Group Environment Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Asian Bureau for Conservation would like to thank the many people who have
participated in this Review. First, we shouldUke to gratefully acknowledge the Netherlands
Ministry for Development Co-operation for theirgenerousfinancial support for this project.
Second, we thank the World Bank, whose staff Hemanta Mishra, Susan Shen, Kathy
MacKinnon and Tony Whitten have provided support, encouragement and management
supervision to the project and comments on drafts of the text of the review. We owe a
special thanks to Glenn Morgan and Colin Rees of the World Bank for their valuable
editorial assistance. We tharik Marinus van Wier of the Royal Netherlands Embassy in
Washington, D.C. for his assistance throughout.
ABC staffwho have worked on the project include John MacKinnon, Catherine Cheung
and Serene Ong and the following consultants were hired by ABC to complete other parts
ofthe writing, data collation or analysis - Eric Wikramanayake, Sue Mainka, Steven Nash,
Steve Avery, Vasumati Shankaran and Pratibha Pande.
Nguyen Khac Thang wrote the computer modules for viewing GIS coverages within BIMS
database software. John MacKinnon developed the early versions of the BIMS software
and Lewie Dekker has rewritten andgreatly advanced thispackage to its present state.
WCMC have made available extensive data in the form of databases, text files and GIS
coverages for use in the reviewand have undertaken alot ofthe GIS revision work as well
as participating in the sub-regional workshops. In particular Jim Paine, GiUian Bunting
and Simon Blyth have worked long hours on the project. Jim Paine and Michael Green
have commented on the draft text.
BirdLife International have provided datapoints of endangered bird records within the
region and text files specially commissioned to develop the presentation on Endemic Bird
Areas (EBAs) within the realm. Mike Crosby has authored these sections.
Particular thanks are due to Geta Lama and staffofWWF Nepal, Songkram Thammincha,
Bunvong Thaiutsa and staff ofthe Forestry Faculty of Kasetsart University, Bangkok and
Effendy A. Sumardja, Hariyono and staff of the Directorate General of Forest Protection
and Nature Conservation (PHPA) in Bogor, Indonesia for their excellent hosting of the
three sub-regional workshops and the Forestry Faculty of Kasetsart for also hosting the
BIMS database trainingworkshop undertaken in the course ofthis review.
Special thanks are due to Charles Convis and ESRI for donation of the ARC/INFO and
ArcViewsoftware to ABC foruse in this project.
Thanks are due to Giles D'Souza and Frederic Archard of the TREES project of EEC at
ISPRA which provided satellite interpretations ofparts ofthe realm, participated in one of
the sub-regional workshops and gave a grant to WCMC which allowed a greater WCMC
input into the reviewthanwould otherwise have beenpossible.
The following participants attended the four workshops held by the review and assisted by
bringing reports, Usts ofprotected area details, maps and their special knowledge into the
review process as well as revising and updating datasets and maps prepared by WCMC
andABC forthe workshop.
IV
Bangladesh Abdus Sattar, Mohammad Nunizzaman, Haroun Er Rashid, Raquibuddin
Ahmed
Bhutan T.B. Mongar, Mingma Norbu Sherpa, Tashi Wangchuk
Cambodia DavidAshweU, Yem Sokhan, Lun Kimhy, Ouk Seiha
India Shekhar Singh, Vinod Mathur, B.C. Choudhury, Raman Mehta, Gunavant
M. Oza, V. Sukumar
Indonesia Achmad Abdullah, Dwiatmo Siswomartono, Asep Hermawan, Caroline
Raymakers, Gayatri Lilley, Graham Usher, AriefWicaksono, Haerudin R.
Sajudin, Paul Jepson, Peter Burbridge, Ramono S. Widodo, Ron Lilley,
Rona Dennis, Sukianto Lusli, Suyatno Sukandar, John Weir, Helen
Schneider, Jatna Supriatna, Nana Supriana, Priatno Wobowo, Nyoman N.
Suryadiptra, Darwina S. Wijayanti, H. Sanger, Jeanine Pfeiffer, Jerry P.
Bisson, JefifSayer
Laos Sangthong Southammakoth, Alounyadeth Banouvong, Bounsou Sovan
Malaysia Francis Gombek, Arthur Y.C. Chung, Hiew Wai Phang, Ridzwan B. Abdul
Rahman, ZaabaZainol Abidin, ZetiJani
Maldives Hassan Maizan Maniku
Myanmar U Daw San San Nwe, U TheinWin, U KyawThein, U Aye Pyo
Nepal Siddhartha Bajracharya, Meena Joshi, Khakpa Norbu Sherpa, Battu
Upreti, TirthaBahadur Shrestha, DevendraAmatya, Basanta Raj Shrestha,
Narendra M.B.Pradhan, Wim J.M. Verheught, Narayan Belbase, Khadga
Basnet' Rabindra ManJoshi
Pakistan Hamid Khalid, Tariq Nazeer, Kalimullah Shirazi
P.N.G. Navu Kwapena, Vagi Genorupa, TonnyTau Nouairi
Philippines Renato D. Cruz, Norma MoUnyawe, NildaBaling
Singapore Chou Loke Ming
Sri Lanka S.D.Abayawardana, K.M.M.Sheriff, Arjan Rajasuiya, T.M.Elasha
Nanayakkara,
Thailand Tawee Nootong, Schwann Tunhikom, Anurak Theerakertvenai, Chana
Diovilai, Surachet Chettamart, Keattikoon Senanam, Naris
Bhumpakphan, Ampan Pintukanok, Nopadol Briksvan, Surophol Sudara,
Sarat Praphai, Vute Wangwacharakul, Sompon Tanhan, Santi Suksard,
Rachanee Maneekul, Uthaiwan Sangwanit, YongyutTrisurat, David Smith
Vietnam Dan Huy Huynh, Vu Van Dung, Nguyen Manh Cuong, Do Thi Chinh,
Jonathan Eames, Nguyen Khac Thang, Nguyen Huy Yet, Ninh Khac Ban,
TruongXuan Lam
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright/Publication details
ii
Foreword
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table ofContents vi
Executive Summary vui
Part One - GENERAL REVIEWAND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
1.1 Background for Present Review 1
1.1.1 Aims and Scope ofthe Present Review 1
1.2 Need for aProtectedAreas System 2
1.3 Introduction to the Indo-Malayan Realm 4
1.3.1 Physical Limits 4
1.3.2 Climate andVegetation 4
1.3.3 Floral Characteristics 7
1.3.4 Faunal Characteristics 8
1.3.5 Biogeographical Units 9
1.3.5.1 Classification ofBiounits 9
1.3.5.2 Richness and Endemism in Biounits 10
1.3.6 Threats, Loss ofResources andTrends 12
1.3.7 Efforts to Conserve Biodiversity in the Realm 13
1.3.7.1 Policy Issues 13
1.3.7.2 Development ofProtectedAreas 13
1.3.7.3 Management Capacity andTraining 14
1.3.7.4 Participation in International Programmes 14
1.3.7.5 Transfrontier Issues 17
1.4 Analysis and Findings 18
1.4.1 Practical Aspects ofthe Review 18
1.4.2 Scoring Methods used in the Review 19
1.4.2.1 Biodiversity Index 19
1.4.2.2 Conservation Index 20
1.4.2.3 Opportunity Index 21
1.4.3 Principal Findings 22
1.4.3.1 Biodiversity Index (BI) 22
1.4.3.2 Conservation Index (CI) 22
1.4.3.3 Opportunity Index (OI) 22
1.4.3.4 Changes since the 1986 Indo-Malayan Review 31
1.4.3.5 Overall Conclusions 33
1.4.4 Summary ofCountry Needs 35
Part Two - CLASSIFICATION AND REVIEW OF BIOUNITS
A. Indian Subcontinent 39
2.1 UnitU: Transhimalayan 39
2.2 Unit 12: Himalayas 40
2.3 Unit 13: Thar/Indus 41
2.4 Unit 14: Semi-Arid Zone 42
2.5 Unit 15: Western Coast 42
2.6 Unit 16: Deccan Peninsula 43
2.7 Unit 17: Gangetic Plain 44
2.8 Unit 18: Laccadives and Maldives 45
2.9 UnitI9: Assam 46
2.10 Unit02: CeylonWetZone 47
2.11 Unit S13: Ceylon DryZone 47
