Table Of ContentProstitution and Human Trafficking
Focus on Clients
Andrea Di Nicola (cid:127) Andrea Cauduro
Marco Lombardi (cid:127) Paolo Ruspini
Editors
Prostitution and Human
Trafficking
Focus on Clients
Editors
Andrea Di Nicola Andrea Cauduro
Università degli Studi di Trento Università degli Studi di Trento
Trento, Italy Trento, Italy
Marco Lombardi Paolo Ruspini
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore University of Lugano, Switzerland
Milano, Italy University of Warwick Coventry, UK
ISBN: 978-0-387-73628-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-73630-3
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73630-3
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931184
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Acknowledgments
This volume presents the results of project “How much? A pilot study on four key
EU member and candidate countries on the demand for trafficked prostitution,”
financed by the European Commission under AGIS programme (project no. 2005/
AGIS/185) and carried out by ISMU Foundation (Italy) with the collaboration of
Transcrime researchers and
– Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Sweden)
– Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam (The Netherlands)
– National Institute of Criminology (Romania)
This research work would not have been feasible without the help and assistance of
a number of persons. First of all, we would like to thank our co-authors and all the
clients, prostitutes, police officers, webmasters together with all the many other
persons impossible to list here without whom this research would have not seen the
light. Second, we would like to express our gratitude to the Directorate-General for
Justice, Freedom and Security of the European Commission which, under the AGIS
Programme, has supported both the project and the realization of this publication.
Paul Murphy kindly assisted with the proof reading of the final text. Last but not
least, a special mention goes to Prof. Ernesto Ugo Savona, Director of Transcrime,
for his inspiring thoughts as well as to the ISMU Foundation for its organizational
and logistic support.
v
Contents
Part I Investigation on the Demand for Trafficked Women
1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3
Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Marco Lombardi,
and Paolo Ruspini
2 Review of the Research Studies on the Demand
for Prostitution in the European Union and Beyond .......................... 5
Andrea Cauduro
3 Objectives and Methodology of the Research ....................................... 23
Andrea Di Nicola and Paolo Ruspini
Part II Results from the Fieldwork in Italy, Netherlands,
Romania and Sweden
4 Innocent When You Dream Clients
and Trafficked Women in Italy .............................................................. 31
Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Chiara Fonio,
Andrea Nuvoloni, and Paolo Ruspini
5 The Flesh is Weak, the Spirit Even Weaker Clients
and Trafficked Women in the Netherlands .......................................... 67
Damián Zaitch and Richard Staring
6 Romania: Emerging Market for Trafficking?
Clients and Trafficked Women in Romania ......................................... 123
Dan Alexandru Dragomirescu, Carmen Necula,
and Raluca Simion
vii
viii Contents
7 In the Land of Prohibition? Clients and Trafficked
Women in Sweden ................................................................................... 163
Johanna Hagstedt, Lars Korsell, and Alfred Skagerö
Part III Perspectives on the Clients through
an Internet Survey
8 An Internet Survey to Understand Clients............................................ 205
Marco Lombardi and Chiara Fonio
Part IV Conclusions
9 Learning from Clients ............................................................................. 227
Andrea Di Nicola and Paolo Ruspini
Bibliography ................................................................................................... 237
Index ................................................................................................................ 249
Contributors
Andrea Cauduro Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime
University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan, Italy
Andrea Di Nicola Faculty of Law, University of Trento; Transcrime, Joint
Research Centre on Transnational Crime, University of Trento/Catholic University
of Milan, Italy
Dan Alexandru Dragomirescu University of Bucharest, Romania
Chiara Fonio Catholic University of Milan, Italy
Johanna Hagstedt Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention,
Stockholm, Sweden
Lars Korsell Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention,
Stockholm, Sweden
Marco Lombardi Faculty of Humanities, Catholic University of Milan, Italy
Carmen Necula National Institute of Criminology, Bucharest, Romania
Andrea Nuvoloni Former researcher at Joint Research Centre on Transnational
Crime University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan, Italy
Paolo Ruspini University of Lugano, Switzerland; University of Warwick, United
Kingdom
Raluca Simion National Institute of Criminology, Bucharest, Romania
Alfred Skagerö Brå – The Swedish Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm,
Sweden
Richard Staring Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
Damián Zaitch Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
ix
Part I
Investigation on the Demand
for Trafficked Women
Chapter 1
Introduction
Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Marco Lombardi, and Paolo Ruspini
Client: Have you ever had a […] by an Albanian?
Researcher: No…
Client: You should have one, they’re great!
“I’ll tell you something: between an exploited girl and a ‘free’ one, I choose the
exploited one. Because a girl who’s being exploited has to give money to her pimp,
otherwise she’ll be beaten. The others, when they’ve earned enough they stop
working. The exploited ones no: even they don’t want to work, they have to stay
there and if they don’t pay the pimp they’re beaten […] If you think about it, you
notice it is more a help than anything else. We all know they’re exploited, so it’s
better to go with them, otherwise they’ll be slaughtered!”
These two tough excerpts from interviews with clients of foreign prostitution stress
the core point of this work: There seems to be a different view, a different logic that
moves these men in their search for commercial sex. This is the focus of the discussion
and the main reason for this volume. We have attempted to study the phenomenon
of trafficking from a different and innovative perspective: the demand.
Trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation (and not only) has involved all
the European Union and more in general Western European countries in the past twenty
years. In this field, many pieces of research have been carried out to analyse the phe-
nomenon and suggest possible areas for intervention. All these works have contributed
to develop knowledge on the issue, though they have some limitations as they are almost
exclusively focused on the supply of “trafficked sex”, i.e. who the victims and traffickers
are, which routes are employed, which countries are the origin/destination, and so on.
This volume is one of the first attempts to investigate the other side of the coin.
In this regard, thanks to a long period spent in the field and an internet virtual
ethnography, it has been possible to discover some significant elements such as the
fact that clients of trafficked prostitution are likely to be ordinary men (professionals
and workers, married and single, high and low educated, young and elderly persons);
in other words, they are transversal to all social classes and do not represent a
particularly deviant group of individuals.
In addition, this work tries to focus not only on who the clients are, but also on
why they look for this segment of commercial sex. In particular: is it a “biological”
A.T. Di Nicola et al. (eds.) Prostitution and Human Trafficking, 33
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