Prospective Analysis of the Aquaculture Sector in the EU. PART 2

190 Pages·2009·3.84 MB·English

Prospective
Analysis of the
Aquaculture
Sector in the EU
PART 2: Characterisation
of emerging aquaculture
systems
Authors:
Helen Sturrock, Richard Newton, Susan Paffrath, John
Bostock, James Muir, James Young, Anton Immink &
Malcolm Dickson (University of Stirling, UK)
Editors:
Ilias Papatryfon (IPTS)
2008
EUR 23409 EN/2
The mission of the IPTS is to provide customer-driven support to the EU policy-making process by
researching science-based responses to policy challenges that have both a socio-economic and a scientific
or technological dimension.
European Commission
Joint Research Centre
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Contact information
Address: Edificio Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso, s/n. E-41092 Seville
(Spain)
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JRC45686
EUR 23409 EN/2
ISBN 978-92-79-09442-2
ISSN 1018-5593
DOI 10.2791/31843
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European
Communities
© European Communities, 2008
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Printed in Spain
Table of contents s
m
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t
s
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t
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Executive Summary 13 ac
u
q
a
g
1 Introduction 19 n
gi
r
e
1.1 Content of report 19 m
e
1.2 Methodologies and approaches 20 f
o
n
o
ti
a
2 Offshore systems 21 s
ri
e
t
2.1 Overview 21 c
a
r
a
2.2 Offshore technologies 23 h
C
2.2.1 Flexible floating cages 23 2:
T
R
2.2.2 Rigid floating cages 26 A
P
2.2.3 Flexible semi-submersible cages 26 -
U
2.2.4 Rigid semi-submersible cages 27 E

e
h
2.2.5 Rigid submersible cages 28 t

n
2.2.6 Comparison of different cage types 29 i
r
o
t
2.3 European overview 29 c
e
S
2.4 Detailed country perspective 31
e
r
u
2.4.1 Countries with offshore systems 31 t
ul
2.4.2 Countries without offshore systems 35 ac
u
2.5 Technical feasibility 36 q
A

e
2.5.1 Husbandry 36 h
t

2.5.2 Safety and efficiency 36 of

s
2.5.3 Supporting hatchery capacity 36 si
y
al
2.5.4 Links with renewable energy projects 36 n
A
2.6 Financial feasibility 36 e
v
2.6.1 Market considerations 36 cti
e
p
2.6.2 Base model – offshore salmon 37 s
o
r
2.6.3 Sensitivity analysis 38 P
2.7 Drivers and barriers 39
2.8 Environmental impacts 39
2.9 Prospects 41
3 Recirculation systems 45
3.1 Overview 45
3.2 Recirculation technologies 46
3
3.2.1 Case study 1: AquaOptima (Norway) 46
3.2.2 Case study 2: HESY (Netherlands) 48
3.2.3 Case study 3: Activated Suspension Technology 49
s
t 3.3 European overview 50
n
e
t 3.4 Detailed country perspective 51
n
o
c 3.4.1 Countries with recirculation systems 51

f
o
3.5 Production feasibility 59
e
l
b 3.5.1 Technical performance 59
a
T
3.5.2 Markets 59
3.6 Financial feasibility 60
3.6.1 Turbot model 60
3.6.2 Eel model 65
3.7 Drivers and barriers 66
3.8 Environmental impacts 68
3.9 Prospects 69
3.9.1 Priorities for future research in RAS 69
4 Integrated systems 71
4.1 Integrated system components 71
4.2 European overview 73
4.3 Detailed country perspective 75
4.3.1 Countries with integrated systems 75
4.4 Technical feasibility 77
4.5 Financial feasibility 77
4.6 Drivers and barriers 77
4.7 Environmental impacts 79
4.8 Prospects 79
5 Certification systems 81
5.1 Overview 81
5.2 Certification schemes 81
5.2.1 Organic schemes 82
5.2.2 Environmental schemes 83
5.2.3 Ethical schemes 84
5.2.4 Quality management schemes 84
5.2.5 Other certification schemes 85
5.3 European overview 85
5.4 Detailed country perspective 86
5.4.1 Countries with certification systems 86
5.4.2 Countries Without certification systems 90
5.5 Technical feasibility 90
4
5.6 Financial feasibility 91
5.6.1 Organics 91
5.6.2 Quality schemes 93
5.6.3 Animal welfare 93
5.7 Drivers and barriers 93 ms
e
t
5.8 Environmental impact 95 s
y
s
5.9 Prospects 95 e
r
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c
a
6 Emerging species 97 u
q
a
6.1 Introduction 97 g
n
gi
6.2 European overview 97 r
e
m
6.3 Detailed country perspective 99 e
f
o
6.3.1 Countries with emerging species 99 n
o
ti
6.3.2 Countries without emerging species 106 a
s
ri
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6.4 Meagre 107 t
c
a
r
6.4.1 Introduction and European overview 107 a
h
C
6.4.2 Technical feasibility 107 2:
T
6.4.3 Financial feasibility 107 R
A
P
6.4.4 Markets 108 -

U
6.4.5 Environmental impacts 108
E

e
6.4.6 Prospects 108 h
t

n
6.5 Breams 108 i
r
o
6.5.1 Introduction and European overview 108 t
c
e
6.5.2 Financial Feasibility 108 S

e
r
6.6 Octopus 112 u
t
ul
6.6.1 Introduction 112 c
a
u
6.6.2 European overview 113 q
A
6.6.3 Technical feasibility 113 e
h
t
6.6.4 Financial feasibility 114 f
o

6.6.5 Environmental impacts 116 sis
y
6.6.6 Prospects 116 al
n
A
6.7 Tuna 117
e
v
6.7.1 Introduction 117 ti
c
e
6.7.2 European overview 117 p
s
o
6.7.3 Technical feasibility 118 Pr
6.7.4 Financial feasibility 118
6.7.5 Environmental impacts 119
6.7.6 Other impacts 121
6.7.7 Prospects 121
6.8 Cod 122
6.8.1 Introduction 122
6.8.2 European Overview 122
5
6.8.3 Technical Feasibility 123
6.8.4 Financial Feasibility 125
6.8.5 Market challenges 125
6.8.6 Prospects 126
s
t 6.9 Arctic charr 126
n
e
t 6.9.1 Introduction 126
n
o
c 6.9.2 European overview 127

f
o
6.9.3 Technical feasibility 127
e
l
b
a 6.9.4 Financial feasibility 128
T
6.9.5 Environmental impacts 131
6.9.6 Prospects 131
6.10 Turbot 131
6.10.1 Introduction 131
6.10.2 The production cycle 132
6.10.3 European Overview 132
6.10.4 Technical Feasibility 136
6.10.5 Financial Feasibility 136
6.10.6 Market Challenges 136
6.10.7 Prospects 136
6.11 Halibut Production 136
6.11.1 Introduction 136
6.11.2 European Overview 136
6.11.3 Technical Feasibility 137
6.11.4 Financial Feasibility 138
6.11.5 Environmental Impacts 138
6.11.6 Prospects 139
6.12 Sturgeon production 139
6.12.1 Introduction 139
6.12.2 European Overview 140
6.12.3 Technical Feasibility 140
6.12.4 Financial Feasibility 141
6.12.5 Environmental impacts 143
6.12.6 Prospects 143
6.13 Catfish 144
6.13.1 Introduction 144
6.13.2 European Overview 145
6.13.3 Technical Feasibility 145
6.13.4 Financial Feasibility and Market Potential 146
6.13.5 Prospects 146
6.13.6 African Catfish 10yr Cashflow 147
6.14 Tilapia 150
6
6.14.1 Introduction 150
6.14.2 European overview 150
6.14.3 Technical Feasibility 150
6.14.4 Financial Feasibility and prospects 151
6.14.5 Environmental impacts 154
s
6.15 Emerging species drivers and barriers 155 m
e
t
6.16 Environmental impacts 156 ys
s
e
6.17 Prospects 156 r
u
t
ul
c
a
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7 Emerging practices 159 q
a
7.1 Introduction 159 ng
gi
7.2 Vaccination 159 er
m
7.2.1 Overview 159 f e
o
7.2.2 Coverage 159 n
o
ti
a
7.2.3 Economic importance 160 s
ri
e
7.2.4 Constraints 160 ct
a
r
a
7.2.5 Prospects 160 h
C
7.3 Selective breeding 161 2:
T
7.3.1 Overview 161 R
A
P
7.3.2 Coverage 161 -

U
7.3.3 Economic importance 161 E

e
7.3.4 Constraints 161 h
t

n
7.3.5 Prospects 161 i
r
o
7.4 Lifecycle manipulations 162 ct
e
S
7.4.1 Overview 162
e
r
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7.4.2 Coverage 162
t
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7.4.3 Economic importance 162 c
a
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7.4.4 Constraints 163 q
A

7.4.5 Prospects 163 e
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7.5 Genetic modifications 163 f
o

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7.5.1 Overview 163 si
y
7.5.2 Coverage 163 nal
A
7.5.3 Economic importance 163 e
v
7.5.4 Constraints 163 cti
e
p
7.5.5 Market Challenges 164 s
o
r
7.5.6 Prospects 164 P
7.6 Use of Information Technology 164
7.6.1 Overview 164
7.6.2 Coverage 165
7.6.3 Economic importance 165
7.6.4 Constraints 165
7.6.5 Prospects 165
7.7 Reduction of fish oil and fish meal levels in feeds 166 7
7.7.1 Overview 166
7.7.2 Coverage 166
7.7.3 Economic importance 166
7.7.4 Constraints 166
7.7.5 Prospects 167
ts 7.8 Harvesting/Processing innovations 167
n
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t 7.8.1 Overview 167
n
o
c 7.8.2 Coverage 167

f
o 7.8.3 Economic importance 167

e
l
b 7.8.4 Market challenges 168
a
T
7.8.5 Constraints 168
7.8.6 Prospects 168
7.9 Packaging and retail innovations 168
7.9.1 Overview 168
7.9.2 Coverage 168
7.9.3 Economic importance 168
7.9.4 Constraints 169
7.9.5 Prospects 169
8 Drivers and barriers to emerging systems 171
8.1 Overall drivers and barriers to development of the European
aquaculture industry 171
8.2 Economic viability/profitability of emerging aquaculture systems and
species 171
8.2.1 Emerging systems 171
8.2.2 Emerging species 172
8.3 Technical/biophysical constraints on emerging aquaculture systems
and species 172
8.3.1 Systems 172
8.3.2 Emerging Species 173
8.4 The market: product demand, public acceptance/image, demographic
factors 174
9 Conclusions 179
9.1 Main findings 179
9.1.1 Offshore systems 179
9.1.2 Recirculation systems 179
9.1.3 Integrated systems 180
9.1.4 Certification systems 180
9.1.5 Emerging species 181
10 Bibliography 183
8
List of tables s
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Table 2.1 Comparative characteristics of inshore and offshore aquaculture sites 21 r
u
t
Table 2.2 Site classification by significant wave height 22 ul
c
a
Table 2.3 Types of offshore cages 23 u
q
a
Table 2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of flexible floating cage systems 25 g
n
Table 2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of Rigid Floating Cages 26 gi
r
e
Table 2.6 Advantages and disadvantages of Rigid Semi-submersible Cages 27 m
e
Table 2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of Ocean Spar Systems 28 of
n
Table 2.8 Advantages and disadvantages of rigid submersible cages 29 o
ti
Table 2.9 Water volume capacity and costs of each cage classification type 30 sa
ri
e
Table 2.10 Offshore aquaculture: production statistics by country (2005 estimated) 30 t
c
a
Table 2.11 Operational aquaculture sites around Malta 33 ar
h
Table 2.12 Maltese aquaculture production, 2005 34 C
2:
Table 2.13 Countries without offshore systems 35 T
R
Table 2.14 Financial model for offshore salmon farm 37 A
P
Table 2.14 Financial model for offshore salmon farm 3 8 -
U
Table 2.15 Sensitivity analysis for offshore salmon farm 39 E

e
Table 2.16 Drivers and barriers for offshore systems 40 h
t

Table 3.1 Hatchery production (million fingerlings) from RAS in Europe for 2005 50 n
i
r
Table 3.2 Fish grow-out production (metric tonnes) from RAS in Europe for 2005 51 o
t
c
Table 3.3 Recirculation aquaculture current production statistics by country 52 e
S
Table 3.4 The different types of Danish model fish farms 53 e
r
u
Table 3.5 Production from recirculated fish farms in Germany 2001-04 55 t
ul
Table 3.6 Production from recirculated fish farms in the Netherlands 56 c
a
u
Table 3.7 Countries without RAS 58 q
A
Table 3.8 120t Turbot recirculation farm 60 e
h
Table 3.9 Model of turbot flow-through farm 63 t

f
o
Table 3.10 Model of recirculated eel farm 65
s
Table 3.11 Comparison of System Performance in Different Aquaculture Production Systems 69 ysi
al
Table 4.1 Countries Without integrated systems 76 n
A
Table 5.1 Organic schemes 82 e
v
Table 5.2 Environmental schemes 83 ti
c
e
Table 5.3 Ethical schemes 84 p
s
Table 5.4 Quality management schemes 85 o
r
P
Table 5.5 Other certification schemes 86
Table 5.6 Countries Without certification systems 90
Table 5.7 Example production costs for a Scottish organic salmon farm 91
Table 5.8 Soil Association (UK) organic aquaculture licence fees 2006-07 91
Table 5.9 Naturland (Germany) organic aquaculture licence fees 92
Table 5.10 EurepGAP fee table 92
Table 5.11 RSPCA Freedom Foods certification fees 93
Table 6.1 Summary of the emerging species by country and species, sorted by family and order. 98
9
Table 6.2 Emerging species in Finland 101
Table 6.3 Emerging species in Italy 102
Table 6.4 Production costs for new bream species 110
Table 6.5 Cost structure for seabream production in Greece 110