Table Of ContentProperties of QCD Matter at High Baryon Density
· · ·
Xiaofeng Luo Qun Wang Nu Xu
Pengfei Zhuang
Editors
Properties of QCD Matter
at High Baryon Density
Editors
XiaofengLuo QunWang
CollegeofPhysicalScience DepartmentofModernPhysics
andTechnology UniversityofScienceandTechnology
CentralChinaNormalUniversity ofChina
Wuhan,China Hefei,China
NuXu PengfeiZhuang
LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory DepartmentofPhysics
Berkeley,CA,USA TsinghuaUniversity
Beijing,China
CollegeofPhysicalScience
andTechnology
CentralChinaNormalUniversity
Wuhan,China
InstituteofModernPhysics
ChineseAcademyofSciences
Gansu,China
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Introduction
ThetheorythatcontrolsthestronginteractionisQuantumChromodynamics(QCD).
It is widely believed that phase transitions for color deconfinement exist at high
temperatureorbaryondensities,andthatQCDmatterwillenteranewphase,theso-
calledQuark-GluonPlasma(QGP),undertheseextremeconditions.Althoughthis
newstateofmattermayexistinthecoresofcompactstars,theonlyknownwayto
achievethedeconfinementphasetransitionsinthelaboratoryisthroughhigh-energy
nuclearcollisions.Overthepasttwodecades,nuclear collisionsattheRelativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have provided vast
amount of data over a wide range in center-of-mass energy. From comprehensive
studies in both theory and experiment, the QGP is believed to be created in the
earlystageofthosecollisions,evidenced bymultiplesignaturessuchascollective
flow,jetquenching,andquarkoniumsuppression.However,someofthefundamental
questions, like the critical point of the phase transition and the properties of QGP,
arestillopen.
WhatarethescientificprioritiesafterRHICisshutdownandturnedtothefuture
ElectronIonCollider(EIC)?Whatshouldbethefuturefocusesofnuclearcollisions?
WhatarethethermodynamicpropertiesoftheQCDmatterathighbaryondensities?
What is the phase boundary and are there new phases at moderate baryon densi-
ties?WhataretheelectromagneticandrotationalpropertiesoftheQGPinheavy-ion
collisions?Howdoesonemakeconnectionfromthermodynamicslearnedinnuclear
collisionstoastrophysics,forinstance,theinnerstructureofcompactstarsandthe
dynamicalprocessofthemergingofneutronstars?Toanswerthesequestions,scien-
tists have turned to intermediate energy nuclear collisions, and several heavy-ion
acceleratorcomplexesareunderconstruction,includingNICAatJINR(3–11GeV),
FAIR at GSI (2–4.9 GeV SIS100), and HIAF at IMP (2–4 GeV). All of them are
promisedtobeinoperationin2026orearlier.Inaddition,heavy-ioncollisionhas
beenactivelydiscussedatJ-PARC.
The new phenomena in extremely high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and
LHCcomefromvacuumexcitation.Particlethermalmotionovercomesthebinding
energyofquarksandleadstoacontinuousphasetransition(crossover)fromhadronic
mattertopartonicmatter.Theoretically,thethermalmotioninducedcontinuitymakes
v
vi Introduction
itpossibletoperformnon-perturbativeQCDcalculationsonthelatticeandviathe
methodofrenormalizationgroup.Experimentally,itisthecontinuitythatoffersthe
opportunity to study the properties of the new matter besides the phase transition
(crossover)itself.Almostallthemeasuredsignaturesarerelatedtothenewmatter
above the transition temperature. Very different from the temperature effect, the
physicsinintermediateenergynuclearcollisionsisassociatedwithvacuumcompres-
sion.Quarks,whicharefermions,areexpectedtoundergoafirst-orderphasetran-
sition due to the Pauli blocking effect. The jump between the two phases at finite
baryondensityresultsindifficultiestoperformlatticeQCDsimulationsandtomake
scaletransformationintherenormalizationgroupapproach.Ontheotherhand,the
quantumPauliblockingmayspeeduptherestorationofthosesymmetrieswhichare
brokeninvacuumduetoquantumanomalies,likeU (1)symmetry.Experimentally,
A
theabruptchangesinphysicsquantitiesacrossthephasetransitionlinemayinduce
sensitivesignaturesofthephasetransitionitself.Inaddition,theelectromagneticand
vorticalfieldscreatedinintermediateenergynuclearcollisionsmaylastlongerthan
thoseathighenergies,leadingtomoreeasilymeasurablephenomenalikethechiral
magneticeffect(CME),thechiralverticaleffect(CVE),andglobalpolarizationof
hyperons.
This review is a collective work of many experts from research fields in which
someoftheabovequestionsarebeingtackled.Webelievethat,byansweringthese
questions via nuclear collisions, we will advance our understanding of the phase
transitioninQCDandintheearlyuniverse,ultimatelypertinenttotheevolutionof
ouruniversetotodayandintofuture.
Contents
1 QCDPhaseStructureatFiniteBaryonDensity ................... 1
H.-T.Ding,W.J.Fu,F.Gao,M.Huang,X.G.Huang,F.Karsch,
J.F.Liao, X.F.Luo, B.Mohanty, T.Nonaka, P.Petreczky,
K.Redlich,C.D.Roberts,andN.Xu
2 NuclearMatterUnderExtremeExternalFields ................... 77
X.G.Huang,Z.T.Liang,J.F.Liao,S.Pu,S.Z.Shi,S.Singha,
A.H.Tang,F.Q.Wang,Q.Wang,andY.Yin
3 DynamicalEvolutionofHeavy-IonCollisions ..................... 135
H.Elfner, J.Y.Jia, Z.W.Lin, Y.Nara, L.G.Pang, C.Shen,
S.S.Shi,M.Stephanov,L.Yan,Y.Yin,andP.F.Zhuang
4 NuclearMatteratHighDensityandEquationofState ............. 183
L.W.Chen,X.Dong,K.Fukushima,T.Galatyuk,N.Herrmann,
B.Hong, A.Kisiel, Y.Leifels, B.A.Li, R.Rapp, H.Sako,
J.Stroth,F.Q.Wang,Z.G.Xiao,N.Xu,R.X.Xu,Y.F.Zhang,
andX.L.Zhu
Appendix: ConcludingRemark ..................................... 287
vii
List of Contributors
ChenL.W. ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai,China
DingH.-T. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China
DongX. LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory,Berkeley,CA,USA
ElfnerH. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt,
Germany;
FrankfurtInstituteforAdvancedStudies,FrankfurtamMain,Germany;
GoetheUniversity,FrankfurtamMain,Germany;
Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center,
CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany
FuW.J. DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China
FukushimaK. UniversityofTokyo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo,Japan
GalatyukT. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt,
Germany;
TechnischeUniversitätDarmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany;
Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center,
CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany
GaoF. UniversityofHeidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany
HerrmannN. UniversityofHeidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany
HongB. KoreaUniversity,Seoul,RepublicofKorea
HuangM. UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China
HuangX.G. FudanUniversity,Shanghai,China
JiaJ.Y. Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY,
USA;
BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA
ix
x ListofContributors
KarschF. BielefeldUniversity,Bielefeld,Germany
KisielA. WarsawUniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,Poland
LeifelsY. GSIHelmholtzzentrumfürSchwerionenforschung,Darmstadt,Germany
LiB.A. TexasA&MUniversity-Commerce,Commerce,TX,USA
LiangZ.T. ShandongUniversity,Qingdao,Shandong,China
LiaoJ.F. IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA
LinZ.W. EastCarolinaUniversity,Greenville,NC,USA
LuoX.F. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China
NaraY. AkitaInternationalUniversity,Yuwa,Akita-city,Japan
NonakaT. UniversityofTsukuba,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan
PangL.G. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China
PetreczkyP. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA
PuS. UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,China
RappR. TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA
RedlichK. UniversityofWroclaw,Wroclaw,Poland
RobertsC.D. NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China
SakoH. JapanAtomicEnergyAgency(JAEA),Ibaraki,Japan
ShenC. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA;
WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan,USA
ShiS.S. CentralChinaNormalUniversity,Wuhan,China
ShiS.Z. McGillUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada;
Center for Nuclear Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, StonyBrook
University,StonyBrook,NY,USA
SinghaS. InstituteofModernPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Gansu,China
StephanovM. UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
StrothJ. GoetheUniversity,FrankfurtamMain,Germany;
GSIHelmholtzzentrumfu¨rSchwerionenforschung,Darmstadt,Germany;
Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR (HFHF), GSI Helmholtz Center,
CampusFrankfurt,FrankfurtamMain,Germany
TangA.H. BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,USA
WangF.Q. HuzhouUniversity,Huzhou,Zhejiang,China;
PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,USA
WangQ. UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,China
