Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline Alloys from Amorphous Precursors

452 Pages·2005·10.16 MB·English

by  Bogdan Idzikowski

Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline
Alloys from Amorphous Precursors
NATO Science Series
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Series II:Mathematics,Physics and Chemistry – Vol.184
Properties and Applications of
Nanocrystalline Alloys from
Amorphous Precursors
edited by
Bogdan Idzikowski
Institute of Molecular Physics,
Polish Academy of Sciences,
Poznan´, Poland
Peter Sˇvec
Institute of Physics,
Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Bratislava, Slovakia
and
Marcel Miglierini
Department of Nuclear Physics and Technology,
Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Properties and Applications of Nanocrystalline Alloys from Amorphous Precursors
Budmerice, Slovak Republic
9–15 June 2003
A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 1-4020-2964-0 (PB)
ISBN 1-4020-2963-2 (HB)
ISBN 1-4020-2965-9 (e-book)
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
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CONTENTS
PREFACE.......................................................................................................................ix
K. SUZUKI
Fe-M-B (M = IVa to VIa Metal) Nanocrystalline Soft Magnetic Materials.....................1
G. HERZER
The Random Anisotropy Model.....................................................................................15
J.M. BARANDIARAN
Some Aspects of the Crystallization of FINEMET-
and NANOPERM-like Alloys........................................................................................35
T. KULIK, J. FERENC, A. KOLANO-BURIAN
Magnetically Soft Nanocrystalline Materials Obtained
by Devitrification of Metallic Glasses............................................................................47
B.V. JALNIN, S.D. KALOSHKIN, E.V. KAEVITSER,
V.V. TCHERDYNTSEV, E.V. OBRUCHEVA
The Initial Stage of Nanocrystallization in Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B Ferromagnetic Alloys.......59
M. DEANKO, D. MÜLLER, D. JANI(cid:253)KOVI(cid:253), I. ŠKORVÁNEK, P. ŠVEC
Cluster Structure and Thermodynamics of the Formation of Nanocrystalline Phases...69
E. ILLEKOVÁ
Kinetic Characterization of Nanocrystal Formation in Metallic Glasses.......................79
V.I. TKATCH, S.G. RASSOLOV, S.A. KOSTYRYA
Kinetics of the Nonisothermal Primary Crystallization of Metallic Glasses:
Nanocrystal Development in Fe B Amorphous Alloy................................................91
85 15
S.D. KALOSHKIN, B.V. JALNIN, E.V. KAEVITSER, J. XU
Structural Relaxation and Nanocrystallization in the Initial Stage
of Amorphous Alloys Studied by Curie Temperature Measurements............................99
C.F. CONDE, J.S. BLÁZQUEZ, A. CONDE
Nanocrystallization Process of the HITPERM Fe-Co-Nb-B Alloys............................111
A.(cid:285)LAWSKA-WANIEWSKA
Low Temperature Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline
Co-Nb-Cu-Si-B Alloys.................................................................................................123
F. MAZALEYRAT, Z. GERCSI, L.K. VARGA
Induced Anisotropy and Magnetic Properties at Elevated Temperatures
of Co-Substituted FINEMET Alloys............................................................................135
v
vi
P. KOLLÁR, E. FECHOVÁ, J. FÜZER, J. KOVÁ(cid:253), P. PETROVI(cid:253),
V. KAVE(cid:253)ANSKÝ, M. KON(cid:253)
Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B Powder
Prepared by Milling......................................................................................................147
L.K. VARGA, F. MAZALEYRAT
Magnetic Decoupling in Soft Magnetic Nanocrystalline Alloys..................................157
H. CHIRIAC, N. LUPU
Design and Preparation of New Soft Magnetic Amorphous Ferromagnets..................165
B. IDZIKOWSKI
Formation of Nanocrystalline Metastable Phases in Fe-Ni-Zr-B
Amorphous Alloys.......................................................................................................177
R. HASEGAWA
Applications of Amorphous Magnetic Alloys..............................................................189
S. ROTH, G. SAAGE, J. ECKERT, L. SCHULTZ
Magnetic Crystalline Transition Metal Ribbons Prepared
by Melt-Spinning and Reactive Annealing ................................................................199
YU.V. BARMIN, I.L. BATARONOV, A.V. BONDAREV
Percolation and Fractal Clusters in Amorphous Metals...............................................209
J. DEGMOVÁ, J. SITEK, J.-M. GRENECHE
Neutron Irradiation Effect on Fe-Based Alloys Studied
by Mössbauer Spectrometry.........................................................................................219
K. SEDLA(cid:253)KOVÁ, F. HAIDER, J. SITEK, M. SEBERÍNI
Application of Different Analytical Techniques in the Understanding
of the Corrosion Phenomena of Non-Crystalline Alloys..............................................229
K.W. WOJCIECHOWSKI
Monte Carlo Simulations of Model Particles Forming Phases
of Negative Poisson Ratio............................................................................................241
O. CRISAN, J.-M. GRENECHE, Y. LABAYE, L. BERGER, A.D. CRISAN,
M. ANGELAKERIS, J.M. LEBRETON, N.K. FLEVARIS
Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Materials........................................................253
L. BATTEZZATI, M. KUSÝ, M. PALUMBO, V. RONTO
Al-Rare Earth-Transition Metal Alloys: Fragility of Melts
and Resistance to Crystallization..................................................................................267
L. BATTEZZATI, V. RONTO, M. KUSÝ
On Different Mechanisms of Primary Crystallization
in Al-Ni-La-Zr Amorphous Alloys..............................................................................279
M. JAHNÁTEK, M. KRAJ(cid:253)Í, J. HAFNER
Atomic Structure, Interatomic Bonding
and Mechanical Properties of the Al V Compound......................................................289
3
vii
F. AUDEBERT
Amorphous and Nanostructured Al-Fe and Al-Ni Alloys............................................301
M. KOWALCZYK, J. LATUCH, T. KULIK, H. DIMITROV
Bulk Amorphous Samples of Al-Mm-Ni System.........................................................313
E. FAZAKAS, L.K. VARGA, T. KULIK
Al-Based Amorphous Alloys
at the Limit of Glass Forming Ability..........................................................................321
N. MITROVIC, S. ROTH, S. DJUKIC, J. ECKERT
Magnetic Softening of Metallic Glasses by Current Annealing Technique.................331
V.I. DIMITROV
Interpretation of the Glass Transition Temperature
from the Point of View of Molecular Mobility............................................................345
I. KOKANOVI(cid:251), A. TONEJC
The Effect of Thermal Relaxation on the Short-Range Order
in Melt-Quenched Zr-Co and Zr-Ni Alloys..................................................................353
R. RISTI(cid:251), Ž. MAROHNI(cid:251), E. BABI(cid:251)
Magnetic Properties of Zr-3d Glassy Alloy Systems...................................................363
J.-M. GRENECHE
Intergranular Phase in Nanocrystalline Alloys: Structural Aspects
and Magnetic Properties...............................................................................................373
J. BALOGH, D. KAPTÁS, L.F. KISS, T. KEMÉNY,
K. TEMST, C. VANHAESENDONCK, I. VINCZE
Mössbauer Study of Fe Grains in Nanocomposites......................................................385
M. KOPCEWICZ
Radio-Frequency Mössbauer Spectroscopy
in the Investigation of Nanocrystalline Alloys.............................................................395
D.S. SCHMOOL
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials....................409
M. MIGLIERINI, J. DEGMOVÁ, T. KA(cid:277)UCH, P. ŠVEC,
E. ILLEKOVÁ, D. JANI(cid:253)KOVI(cid:253)
Magnetic Microstructure of Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Fe-Mo-Cu-B Alloys...........421
N. LUPU, H. CHIRIAC
Microstructure – Magnetic Properties Relationship
in Nano-Clustered Glassy Magnets..............................................................................437
INDEX OF AUTHORS..............................................................................................447
INDEX OF SUBJECTS.............................................................................................449
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS..........................................................................................453
PREFACE
Recent progress and development of complex nanocrystalline alloys and their meta-
stable amorphous precursors has emphasised the need for bringing together the leading
scientists in the field for the purpose of disseminating the latest achievements in order to
ensure scientific know-how exchange. The focus of the present NATO Advanced
Research Workshop (ARW) was put on the emerging aspects in nanocrystalline materi-
als. In addition to the already known effects induced by the presence of nanocrystalline
structure such as the interface effects, the influence of high content of grain boundaries
or the decrease in the exchange length, the averaging of magnetic anisotropy, the exis-
tence of a two-phase structure at the atomic scale, particular attention was given to the
special character of the local atomic ordering and to the corresponding inter-atomic
bonding as well as to the anomalies and particularities in electron density distributions,
and to the formation of metastable, nanocrystalline phases built from small grains with
special properties.
Another objective was the investigation of new material classes based not on new
compositions but rather on the original and special crystalline structure in the nanoscale,
and on the atomic interactions under special, usually metastable, thermodynamic condi-
tions related to the origin of the new structures with respect to their (amorphous) pre-
cursors, using scientific knowledge-based approach supported by previous in-depth
studies and general experience.
Three major techniques of nanocrystalline state formation, namely: the sufficiently
rapid melt quenching, the mechanical alloying, and the heat treatment of the amorphous
precursor have been reviewed. The emphasis was placed on the relationship between the
amorphous precursors, the thermodynamics of enhancement and the facilitation of the
formation of nanocrystalline phases. The mastering of the knowledge (and control,
whenever possible) of the thermodynamic conditions, necessary for inducing the me-
tastability of the structures, which lead to uncommon physical effects and special prop-
erties of nanocrystalline materials, was treated as preferential and given a particular
emphasis.
During five days, 57 participants from 21 countries discussed a wide range of topics
in the following areas: Development of New Alloys, Properties of Conventional Nano-
crystalline Materials, Modelling and Simulations, Applications and Experimental
Methods. In total, 38 key speakers delivered main lectures that were suitably extended
by 14 contributing talks presented by other participants. The focused activities and well
chosen workshop subjects attracted a number of young scientists. Among the 21 partici-
pants there were 15 PhD students and young post-doctorate researches representing 7
different countries.
The scientific programme was complemented by two round-table discussions which
included, apart from the instructions for the authors of the ARW Proceedings, topics fo-
ix
x
cused on the methods of the atomic-resolution structure analysis in the research of
metallic nanocrystalline systems, and on the future of the research in this field, includ-
ing further industrial applications of nanocrystalline materials. Additional discussions in
smaller groups were held as a natural continuation of the daily schedule, during meals
and in the evening get-together. A detailed summary of the workshop was made by
Dr. R. Hasegawa, a member of the organizing committee.
Over 50 technical papers were presented during the workshop and they can be clas-
sified as follows:
1. Development of new alloys. Two approaches to the new alloy development were
presented: (i) a macroscopic view on the Fe-M-B system where M is selected from IVa,
Va, and VIa elements, (ii) the effects of Cu and Co (micro-alloying). Copper affects the
nanophase formation whereas cobalt increases the saturation induction of the material.
In the micro-alloying study, a 3D atomic probe was used to characterise Cu clusters in
an effort to optimise their roles. The results were utilized in developing new alloys
containing Co with high saturation inductions. Properties and specific applications were
reported for materials in bulk (e.g.Nd-Fe-Al), powder (Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B by milling) and
wire (Ni-P/Co-P nanowires) forms. These new forms may open up new prospective ap-
plications.
2. Properties of conventional nanocrystalline materials. Both intrinsic and techno-
logical properties were reviewed. Some new results relating to magnetic microstruc-
tures, magnetic decoupling, electron transport, effects of neutron irradiation, and corro-
sion properties were presented. A number of Al-Transition Metal-based alloys were
reported. These studies are of help in understanding the thermodynamic states of these
materials, clarifying local structures and atomic bonding, viscosity/diffusion (relating to
glass formability of some of the Al-based alloys) and opening up new possibilities in
the design of new alloys. Several papers were presented on crystallisation kinetics and
mechanical properties. Technical contributions in the area of Zr/Ni-TM alloys included
a wide range covering electronic properties, superconductivity, magnetism, thermal
relaxation/crystallization kinetics, and shape memory. The primary area of interest was
in the combined properties, such as shape memory with magnetism, and superconduc-
tivity with magnetism.
3. Modelling and simulation. The random anisotropy model for nanocrystalline
magnetic materials was reviewed, covering a comprehensive picture of the magnetism
involved. The density-of-state calculations for Cr C type unit cell (applicable to
23 6
Ni B and Fe B ) are instructive; anomalously high Fe magnetic moments (up to 3 µB)
23 6 23 6
were found at some non-equivalent positions in the crystal structure. The electronic
structure calculations and nucleation thermodynamics considered on Al-TM based
alloys shed light on the atomic bonding and mobility in these materials. These models
of the local magnetic, electronic and thermodynamic states should be of assistance in
designing new alloys. Monte Carlo simulations of mechanical behaviour, materials with
negative Poisson’s ratio and magnetisation processes in magnetically mixed states
found in nanocrystalline magnetic materials were presented. These simulations are
becoming more realistic and useful in physics. A graphic presentation of the dislocation
motion in the simulated system was instructive. Two experimental approaches to simu-
late the mixed magnetic states were presented: one through nanostructured metallic
xi
systems of Fe clusters made by the condensation in inert gas and the other through mul-
tilayers. The former study showed the importance of the grain boundaries which affect
the magnetic properties of the peripheries of the nanograins. Although the magnetic
heterostructures generated from the multi-layers are two-dimensional, their local
magnetic states should represent them at the interface between the nanoparticles and
amorphous matrix in a real nanocrystalline magnet. Caution, however, should be raised
while some observation implies a dipole-dipole-like interaction.
4. Applications. A review of the use of amorphous alloys in various applications was
given. They can be found in power electrical transformers, motors, pulse power devices
for energy generation, power electronics, sensors, telecommunication devices, and
medical diagnostic equipment. A number of new alloys and their shapes and forms
which are currently under investigation will eventually find practical applications.
Among them, bulk amorphous/nanocrystaline magnetic materials appear to be suited
preferably for hard magnets or for soft magnetic applications in the operating frequency
of up to 1 kHz. Other bulk materials are found useful in structural or mechanical appli-
cations. The results of the efforts in nanocrystalline magnetic alloys with higher satura-
tion inductions will find applications in high temperature magnetism.
5. Experimental methods. The presented results were based on differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), on X-ray and neutron diffraction, on Mössbauer (both transmission
and energy conversion) spectroscopy, electron transport including superconducting,
magnetoresistance, magneto-impedance, and conventional magnetometry. In addition, a
technique using ferromagnetic resonance was presented. This method is commonly used
for basic magnetic characterisation but care must be taken in the sample preparation.
One presentation showed that a combination of DSC and resistivity measurements is
suitable for in-situ probing of the nanocrystallization process and the related post-
nanocrystallization state. This kind of combined observation should shed more light on
the nanocrystallization processes.
The interest in the workshop and the attractiveness of the topics ware documented
by the fact that only two of the originally confirmed 41 key speakers excused them-
selves from participation due to health problems and one speaker provided a sufficiently
qualified substitute in due time prior to the workshop. The social program included a
guided visit to attractive sightseeing spots in the vicinity of the workshop site – an ex-
cursion to the medieval chateau and museum (cid:253)erveny Kamen and a visit to a ceramic
and pottery folk manufacture in Modra.
The task force of the workshop was represented by the choice of speakers (which in-
cluded talented young researchers) the approach to selected topics (the relationship
between the structure and the preparation conditions) the microstructure and e.g. the
magnetic, mechanical, electrical or other properties using a variety of diverse experi-
mental and/or theoretical techniques, methods, models, and approaches. The speakers
represented a subcritical concentration of scientists sufficient for the assessment of
recent knowledge stemming from the research in physics and chemistry of nanocrystal-
line materials, for the establishment of additional links, for the exchange of experience
and for discussions on the prospects of future research in the field. The workshop and
further contacts will certainly play an important role of a bridge between the researchers
from the NATO and Partner countries and shall form a sound basis for common