Promoting Physical Activity - 2nd Edition: A Guide for Community Action

280 Pages·2010·14.69 MB·English

by  Centers for Disease Control

Promoting
Physical Activity
A Guide for Community Action
Second Edition
David R. Brown, Gregory W. Heath,
and Sarah Levin Martin
Editors
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity

Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Promoting physical activity : a guide for community action / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating
Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition,
Physical Activity and Obesity ; edited by David R. Brown, Gregory W. Heath, and Sarah Levin Martin. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-6208-4 (soft cover)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-6208-4 (soft cover)
1. Health promotion--Social aspects--United States. 2. Physical fitness--Social aspects--United States. 3. Medicine, Preventive-
-Social aspects--United States. I. Brown, David R., Ph. D. II. Heath, Gregory. III. Martin, Sarah Levin. IV. Coordinating Center
for Health Promotion (U.S.) V. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.). Division of
Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity. [DNLM: 1. Health Promotion--United States. 2. Physical Fitness--United States.
3. Preventive Medicine--United States. 4. Sociology, Medical--United States. QT 255 P9653 2010]
RA427.8.P767 2010
362.1--dc22
2009047443
ISBN-10: 0-7360-6208-4 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-6208-4 (print)
This book is published for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity by Human Kinetics, Inc.
This book is a work of the United States Government. All material appearing in this book, except where otherwise noted,
is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without permission. Citation of the source, however, is appreci-
ated. We also request that you notify us as a courtesy when reprinting or adapting excerpts of 500 or more words. When
reprinting or adapting excerpts from Promoting Physical Activity: A Guide for Community Action, Second Edition, please
contact the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity, Mail Stop K-46, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA
30341-3724; phone: [phone].
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contents
Contributors  vii
Preface  xi
Introduction  xv
Part I  Foundations for Physical Activity Promotion  1
Chapter 1  Health Benefits of Physical Activity  3
David M. Buchner
What Is Physical Activity?  3
What Is Physical Fitness?  4
Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure  4
Determinants of the Health Benefits of Physical Activity  5
Types of Physical Activity  7
Other Attributes of Physical Activity  7
Preventive Health Benefits of Physical Activity  7
Health Benefits of Physical Activity in Children  16
Prevention of Functional Limitations and Disability  17
Therapeutic Exercise  19
Perspective on Physical Activity Risks  19
Conclusion  20
Resources  20

Chapter 2   Physical Activity Recommendations  21
Janet E. Fulton and Harold W. Kohl III
Healthy People 2010: National Health Promotion and  21
Disease Prevention Objectives Related to 
Physical Activity and Physical Fitness
Physical Activity Recommendations for Adults—  22 
Historical Considerations
Overview of Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults  24
Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults  24
What’s New About the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines  26
for Americans?
Physical Activity Recommendations for Older Adults—  29 
Historical Considerations
Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Older Adults  30
Physical Activity Recommendations for Children  32 
and Adolescents—Historical Considerations
Current Physical Activity Guidelines for Children  37 
and Adolescents
Summary  39
Suggested Readings  39
iii
iv Contents
Part II   Approaches and Interventions for Changing  41
Physical Activity Behavior
Chapter 3   Informational Approaches to Promoting Physical Activity  47
Community-Wide Campaigns  47
Sara Wilcox and Dennis Shepard
Point-of-Decision Prompts  57
Sarah Levin Martin, Leigh Ramsey Buchanan, and Robin E. Soler
Chapter 4  Behavioral and Social Approaches  63
to Promoting Physical Activity 
Enhanced School-Based Physical Education  63
Jacqueline N. Epping and Sarah M. Lee
Individually-Adapted Health Behavior Change Interventions  75
David R. Brown and Tina J. Lankford
Social Support Interventions in Community Settings  86
Rebeka Cook and Ross C. Brownson
Chapter 5  Environmental and Policy Approaches  93
to Promoting Physical Activity
Creation of or Enhanced Access to Places for  93 
Physical Activity Combined With Informational 
Outreach Activities
James F. Sallis and Gregory W. Heath
Community-Scale and Street-Scale Urban Design and  102 
Land Use Policies and Practices to Promote 
Physical Activity
Thomas L. Schmid and Candace Rutt
Part III   Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating  117

Your Intervention or Program
Chapter 6  Partnerships  119
Tamara Vehige Calise, Refilwe Moeti, and Jacqueline N. Epping
Key Steps to an Effective Partnership  120
Step 1: Determine Whether a Partnership Is Necessary  122
Step 2: Determine Whether Potential Partners Have the  123 
Capacity and Interest to Support the Partnership
Step 3: Recruit Partners  128
Step 4: Establish Leadership  130
Step 5: Determine One or More Common Goals  130
Step 6: Determine the Partner’s Level of Involvement  132 
and Cooperation in the Partnership
Step 7: Define the Partnership’s Operational Structure  132
Step 8: Keep the Long-Term Goal in View  134
Step 9: Start With Reasonable Short-Term Objectives  134
Step 10: Evaluate the Partnership  135
Conclusion  135
Recommended Readings  135
Contents    v
Chapter 7  Program Planning and Evaluation  137
Sarah Levin Martin and Lauren M. Workman
Program Planning  137
Program Evaluation  144
Conclusion  151
Suggested Readings  152
Part IV    Resources for Action  153
Appendix A  Physical Activity and Disability  155
  by James H. Rimmer
Appendix B  Physical Activity Surveillance by Sandra A. Ham  165
Appendix C  Physical Activity and Fitness (HP 2010 Progress Review)  171
Appendix D   Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the  197
Surgeon General (Executive Summary)
Appendix E  Resources  215
Glossary  225
References  233
Index  255
About the Organization  261
About the Editors  262

contributors
Editors
David R. Brown, PhD, FACSM
Research Behavioral Scientist
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Gregory W. Heath, DHSc, MPH, FACSM, FAHA*
Guerry Professor and Head
Department of Health and Human Performance
Director of Research, College of Medicine
University of Tennessee Chattanooga
Sarah Levin Martin, PhD*
Healthy Maine Partnerships Evaluation Team Leader
Maine Center for Public Health
Contributing Authors
Ross C. Brownson, PhD
Professor and Codirector
Prevention Research Center in St. Louis
Schools of Medicine and Social Work
Washington University in St. Louis
Leigh Ramsey Buchanan, PhD
Epidemiologist
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
David M. Buchner, MD, MPH*
Shahid and Ann Carlson Khan Professor in Applied Health Sciences
Department of Kinesiology and Community Health
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Tamara Vehige Calise, MEd*
DrPH Candidate
Boston University School of Public Health
Rebeka Cook, MPH
Commission on Ministerial Health
Texas District Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod
Austin, TX
vii
viii Contributors
Jacqueline N. Epping, MEd
Team Leader, Guidelines and Recommendations Development Team
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Janet E. Fulton, PhD
Team Leader, Epidemiology and Surveillance Team
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sandra A. Ham, MS*
Divinity School
University of Illinois at Chicago
Harold W. Kohl, III, PhD, MSPH1
Professor of Epidemiology and Kinesiology
University of Texas School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Dis-
ease Control and College of Education, Department of Kinesiology and Health
University of Texas at Austin
Tina J. Lankford, MPH
Public Health Analyst
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sarah M. Lee, PhD
Health Scientist
Division of Adolescen t and School Health
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Refilwe Moeti, MA*
Public Health Educator
Division of Oral Health
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
James H. Rimmer, PhD
Professor
Director, National Center on Physical Activity and Disability
Department of Disability and Human Development
University of Illinois at Chicago
Candace Rutt, PhD
Senior Service Fellow
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Contributors    ix
James F. Sallis, PhD
Professor of Psychology
San Diego State University
Director, Active Living Research
Thomas L. Schmid, PhD
Team Leader, Research and Development Team
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Dennis Shepard, MAT, CHES
Senior Project Manager
YMCA of the USA
Leesville, SC
Robin E. Soler, PhD
Coordinating Scientist
The Guide to Community Preventive Services
Division of Health Communication and Marketing Strategy
National Center for Health Marketing
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Sara Wilcox, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Exercise Science
Arnold School of Public Health
Public Health Research Center
University of South Carolina
Lauren M. Workman, MPH
Association of Schools of Public Health Fellow
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Special thanks to those providing examples of state or local programs
or interventions for the partnership and evaluation chapters
Catherine Costakis, MS
Physical Activity Coordinator
Montana Nutrition and Physical Activity Program
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT
Rebecca Drewette-Card, MSPH
Physical Activity Coordinator
Maine Physical Activity and Nutrition Program
Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Augusta, ME
x Contributors
Amy Jesaitis, MPH, RD, PAPHS
Physical Activity and Nutrition Coordinator
Healthy Heart Program
New York State Department of Health
Albany, NY
Greg Oliver, MS
Health Promotion Director
Missoula City-County Health Department
Missoula, MT
Paula Puntenney, RN, MA
Walk a Hound Lose a Pound Program Director
Indianapolis, IN
Special thanks to those who reviewed preliminary drafts and
provided technical assistance
Susan A. Carlson, MPH
Epidemiologist
Physical Activity and Health Branch
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Deborah A. Galuska, PhD, MPH
Associate Director of Science
Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Jana S. Wallace, MPH, CHES
Association of Schools of Public Health Fellow

Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Special thanks to the staff at Human Kinetics, including Dr. Michael Bahrke for his
encouragement, dedication, and professional guidance over the course of many
months; and Melissa Zavala for her editing and creative talents that helped bring
this guide to publication.
Special thanks to Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity leadership,
whose support made this guide possible:
Director, William H. Dietz, MD, PhD
Deputy Director, Laurie A. Johnson, MPH
Physical Activity and Health Branch Chief, Michael Pratt, MD, MPH
Physical Activity and Health Branch Deputy Chief, Lisa W. Kimbrough, MS
A special thanks to the families and loved ones of all who contributed to this vol-
ume, as your support on a day-to-day basis truly helps to make our professional
accomplishments possible.
* Formally with the Physical Activity and Health Branch, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obe-
sity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA