Table Of ContentProjects, Government, and Public Policy
Many governments have effectively organized public project implementation systems in their
jurisdictions. At the same time, many other countries remain at a less advanced level of public
project management. Globally, there is a need for project management knowledge to be
transferred between governments. However, no systematic review of these practices has been
developed to date. Projects, Government, and Public Policy was written to fulfill this need and
presents a review of project management practices in countries with developed project-based
capabilities. This book uses its own rigorous model to present this review systematically. This
book’s practical purpose is to give a structured overview of government-level project management
practices. This knowledge can be used in the work of governments to improve the management of
public projects and the implementation of public policies.
Many professionals working in public institutions understand project management concepts
differently than project management professionals. Therefore, this book begins with a chapter that
describes the differences between the conceptual basis of public administration and project
management. The body of this book has five parts. Part I is mainly intended for those involved in
government and public administration who want to acquire or increase knowledge about project
management. Part II provides an overview of the basic concepts from the theory of public
administration, public policies, and development management. Part III describes what makes public
projects unique and the success factors specific to projects of this sector. Knowledge about effective
government project management practices is covered in Part IV. The concluding Part V begins with
a general overview of the maturity model concept. Its main part covers the description of a maturity
model showing ways to systematically improve the implementation of public projects.
This book is written for governments and government administrators, including the most
influential decision-makers, who craft policies to guide a country’s development as well as how to
implement projects. This book is also intended for supporters and enthusiasts of project
management in government and public administration by providing them with a description of
the solutions used by project management in public administration. This book is intended, too,
for all project management practitioners working for public projects: project managers, team
members, sponsors, and middle-level executives of project-delivering private companies. By
knowing public administration concepts, they can manage their projects better and use a common
language with their clients.
Projects, Government, and
Public Policy
Stanisław Gasik
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Stanisław Gasik
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gasik, Stanislaw, author.
Title: Projects, government, and public policy / Stanislaw Gasik.
Description: 1 Edition. | Boca Raton, FL : Taylor and Francis, 2023. | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022018618 (print) | LCCN 2022018619 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032343419 (hardback) | ISBN
9781032232683 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003321606 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Project management. | Economic development.
Classification: LCC HD69.P75 G388 2023 (print) | LCC HD69.P75 (ebook) | DDC 658.4/04‐‐dc23/eng/
20220815
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022018618
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022018619
ISBN: 978-1-032-34341-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-23268-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32160-6 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003321606
Typeset in Garamond
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
Preface: Why Do We Need This Book?..............................................................................xi
The Importance of Public Projects...................................................................................xi
Public Policies as Projects................................................................................................xii
The Role of Project Management...................................................................................xiv
Problems with Public Projects.........................................................................................xiv
Benefits of Project Management for Public Policies.........................................................xv
Different Types of Public Policies..................................................................................xvii
Governments and Project Management........................................................................xviii
Goals of this Book.........................................................................................................xviii
Recipients of this Book.....................................................................................................xx
Structure of this Book......................................................................................................xx
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................xxiii
Author...............................................................................................................................xxv
1 Discrepancies between Public Administration and Project Management...................1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................1
1.2 Anti-management....................................................................................................1
1.3 Ignoring..................................................................................................................2
1.4 Basic Discrepancies.................................................................................................3
1.5 Parallel Works.........................................................................................................4
1.6 Fragmentary School................................................................................................5
1.7 Different Understanding of Common Concepts....................................................6
1.8 Incompatibility of Conceptual Structures...............................................................6
PART I PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
2 The Most Important Concepts...................................................................................11
2.1 What Is a Project?.................................................................................................11
2.2 Product Development and Management..............................................................14
2.3 Components of Projects........................................................................................15
2.4 Project Life Cycle: Integration Management........................................................15
3 What Is Managed in Projects?...................................................................................25
3.1 A Review of Managerial Areas............................................................................25
3.2 What Should Be Developed in Projects? Scope Management............................26
3.3 Project Schedule and the Critical Path: Schedule Management.........................33
v
vi ▪ Contents
3.4 What Would Be the Project Budget? Cost Management...................................36
3.5 Project Information: Earned Value Management, Communications
Management.......................................................................................................39
3.6 What You Should Know? Knowledge Management...........................................43
3.7 Who Will Do It? Human Resource Management..............................................43
3.8 What Are We Afraid of? Risk Management.......................................................45
3.9 Subcontractors’ Projects: Procurement Management..........................................47
3.10 Who Will Help Us? Who Will Disturb? Stakeholder Management..................48
3.11 How to Deliver Good Projects? Quality Management.......................................49
3.12 Plans and Changes: Integration Management Again..........................................51
3.13 Transition of Project Products............................................................................52
4 Preparing Organization for Project Implementation.................................................55
4.1 Permanent Structures and Projects.......................................................................55
4.2 Project Knowledge in Organization......................................................................57
5 Managing Multiple Projects.......................................................................................59
5.1 Is One Project Enough? Project Programs............................................................59
5.2 Which Projects to Implement? Project Portfolios.................................................60
5.3 How to Analyze Projects? Project Families...........................................................62
6 Other Approaches to Project Management................................................................65
6.1 Logical Framework Approach...............................................................................66
6.2 ISO 21500 Standard.............................................................................................66
6.3 SCRUM................................................................................................................67
PART II PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FOR PROJECT MANAGERS
7 State, Its Structure, and Development Phases...........................................................71
8 Government and Public Administration....................................................................75
8.1 Organizations and Institutions..............................................................................75
8.2 State and Public Administration...........................................................................77
8.3 Types of Governmental Organizations.................................................................78
8.4 Autonomy and Centralization...............................................................................81
8.5 Public Services......................................................................................................81
8.6 Civil Service..........................................................................................................82
8.7 What Is Important in the Public Sector?..............................................................83
9 Governance.................................................................................................................85
9.1 What Is Governance?............................................................................................85
9.2 State Governance..................................................................................................86
9.3 Project Governance...............................................................................................87
9.4 Public Project Governance....................................................................................90
10 Instruments – What Governments Can Do?..............................................................93
10.1 What Is a Policy Instrument?.............................................................................93
10.2 Different Ways of Instruments Implementation.................................................94
10.3 Types of Policy Instruments’ Results..................................................................96
Contents ▪ vii
11 Public Policies............................................................................................................99
11.1 What Is a Public Policy?...................................................................................99
11.2 Structures of Public Policies............................................................................103
11.3 Strategy and Policy.........................................................................................103
11.4 Policy Programs..............................................................................................105
11.5 Public Policy Life Cycles................................................................................106
11.6 Agenda Setting................................................................................................110
11.7 Policy Forming...............................................................................................111
11.8 Implementation...............................................................................................115
11.9 Closing Policy Implementation.......................................................................120
11.10 Evaluation.......................................................................................................120
11.11 Types of Public Policies..................................................................................122
11.12 Management and Public Policies....................................................................127
12 Phases of Understanding Public Administration.....................................................129
12.1 Classical Public Administration........................................................................129
12.2 New Public Management.................................................................................131
12.3 New Public Governance...................................................................................133
12.4 Neo-Weberian State..........................................................................................135
13 Quality of Government............................................................................................137
13.1 Introduction......................................................................................................137
13.2 What Is a Good Government?..........................................................................138
13.3 Functioning of Good Government...................................................................139
13.4 Rules of Good Government..............................................................................140
13.5 Results of Good Governing..............................................................................141
13.6 Projects for Good Governments.......................................................................142
14 State Capabilities......................................................................................................145
14.1 What Is Capability?..........................................................................................145
14.2 Capability Development...................................................................................146
14.3 Projects as Meta-capabilities..............................................................................148
PART III PUBLIC PROJECTS ARE SPECIFIC
15 Approaches to Differences between Research on Public and Other
Sector Projects..........................................................................................................153
15.1 The Denying Differences Stream......................................................................153
15.2 The Public Projects’ Research Stream...............................................................154
15.3 The Averaging Stream.......................................................................................154
15.4 The Stream of Differences Analysis..................................................................154
16 Differences between Public Projects and Projects of Other Sectors........................155
16.1 Projects as Organizations..................................................................................155
16.2 Constituting Differences between Public Projects and Projects of
Other Sectors....................................................................................................157
16.3 Managerial Differences......................................................................................159
16.4 The Layered Model of Differences...................................................................171
viii ▪ Contents
17 Differences of Complexity........................................................................................175
17.1 What Is Complexity?........................................................................................175
17.2 Survey on Project Complexity..........................................................................176
17.3 Survey Results...................................................................................................176
18 Why Public Projects Succeed...................................................................................183
18.1 What Is a Public Project Success?.....................................................................183
18.2 What Influences the Success and Failure of Public Projects?...........................184
18.3 Public Projects Success Factors.........................................................................187
PART IV PRACTICES OF PUBLIC PROJECT MANAGEMENT
19 Governance Territory (Government Level)..............................................................195
19.1 Public Procurement Regulations.......................................................................195
19.2 Governance of Projects.....................................................................................196
19.3 Audit Chambers................................................................................................198
19.4 Standards...........................................................................................................199
20 Delivery Territory.....................................................................................................201
20.1 Project Management Offices...........................................................................201
20.2 The Hierarchy of Project Bodies and Roles....................................................204
20.3 Management of Project Portfolio....................................................................206
20.4 Management of Projects: From Initiation to Evaluation................................210
20.5 Project Assurance............................................................................................236
20.6 Engagement of Stakeholders...........................................................................242
20.7 Actors Management........................................................................................243
20.8 Knowledge Management.................................................................................247
20.9 Methodologies and Systems............................................................................249
20.10 Model of Delivery Territory...........................................................................252
21 Support Area............................................................................................................255
21.1 Problem-Oriented Support...............................................................................255
21.2 Process-Oriented Support.................................................................................256
22 Development Area....................................................................................................259
22.1 Advisory Bodies.................................................................................................259
22.2 Development Directions...................................................................................260
22.3 Development Modes.........................................................................................261
23 Governmental Project Implementation System and Managing It...........................265
23.1 Governmental Project Implementation System.................................................265
23.2 Governmental Project Management.................................................................266
PART V THE WAY AHEAD. HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
24 Maturity Models.......................................................................................................273
24.1 Ways to Improve Maturity in Organization (TBC).........................................273
24.2 What Is a Maturity Model?..............................................................................274
Contents ▪ ix
24.3 Sector-Independent Maturity Models...............................................................277
24.4 Public Sector Maturity Models.........................................................................277
24.5 Project Management Organizational Level Maturity Models...........................278
24.6 Process Management Governmental Level Maturity Models............................279
24.7 Project Management Governmental Level Maturity Studies............................280
24.8 Ways to Improve Maturity in Organization (continued).................................281
25 Improving Governmental Project Implementation Systems with GPM3................283
25.1 The Initial Level...............................................................................................285
25.2 The Local Level................................................................................................285
25.3 The Governmental Level..................................................................................287
25.4 The Support Level............................................................................................289
25.5 The Optimizing Level.......................................................................................289
25.6 The Role and Applications of GPM3®.............................................................292
Summary...........................................................................................................................293
References: Source Materials.............................................................................................297
References: Literature........................................................................................................317
Index..................................................................................................................................343
