Project-Based R Companion to Introductory Statistics

185 Pages·2020·7.336 MB·English

by  Chelsea Myers

Project-Based R Companion
to Introductory Statistics

Project-Based R Companion
to Introductory Statistics
Chelsea Myers
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Myers, Chelsea, author.
Title: Project-based R companion to introductory statistics / Chelsea Myers.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor and Francis, 2021. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020041189 (print) | LCCN 2020041190 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780367262082 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429292002 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Mathematical statistics—Data processing. | R (Computer program
language)
Classification: LCC QA276.4 .M94 2021 (print) | LCC QA276.4 (ebook) |
DDC 519.50285/5133—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020041189
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020041190
ISBN: 978-0-367-68734-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-26208-2 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-29200-2 (ebk)
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Contents
Author, xi
Introduction, xiii
Chapter 1 ◾ G etting Started with R and RStudio 1
WORKING WITH RStudio 1
GUIDED PROJECT: OPEN AND MODIFY
THE Titanic.xlsx DATASET IN RStudio 3
STUDENT PROJECT: OPEN AND MODIFY
THE Ohio.xlsx DATASET IN RStudio 12
REFERENCES 13
Chapter 2 ◾ D escribing Categorical Data 15
INTRODUCTION 15
CATEGORICAL DATA 16
GUIDED PROJECT: DOES THE USE OF ANTISEPTICS
DURING SURGERY REDUCE MORTALITY? 17
STUDENT PROJECT: DETERMINE THE IMPACT
TICKET CLASS HAD ON PASSENGER SURVIVAL
ON THE TITANIC 27
REFERENCES 28
Chapter 3 ◾ D escribing Quantitative Data 29
INTRODUCTION 29
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS 30
v
vi ◾ Contents
GUIDED PROJECT 1: DETERMINE THE CASUALTY
RATE FOR UNION ARMY SOLDIERS IN COMPANIES
FROM OHIO DURING THE US CIVIL WAR 31
GUIDED PROJECT 2: DETERMINE THE TYPICAL
HEALTHY ADULT HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE 42
STUDENT PROJECT 1: DETERMINE THE TYPICAL
WEIGHT OF AN ADULT HUMAN BRAIN 46
STUDENT PROJECT 2: DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION
OF HORSE KICK DEATHS IN THE PRUSSIAN ARMY
FROM 1875 TO 1894 47
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 4 ◾ The Normal Distribution 49
INTRODUCTION 49
GUIDED PROJECT: DETERMINE THE SPEED OF LIGHT
IN AIR 50
STUDENT PROJECT: IS THERE EVIDENCE THAT
THE HEALTHY ADULT HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE
IS NOT 98.6°F? 56
REFERENCES 57
Chapter 5 ◾ Two-Way Tables 59
INTRODUCTION 59
CONTINGENCY TABLES 59
GUIDED PROJECT: ARE FEMALE CHARACTERS IN
SLASHER FILMS MORE LIKELY TO BE MURDERED
THAN MALE CHARACTERS? 60
STUDENT PROJECT: DETERMINE THE IMPACT
PASSENGER AGE AND SEX HAD ON THE
LIKELIHOOD A PASSENGER SURVIVED THE TITANIC
SINKING 66
REFERENCES 67
Contents ◾ vii
Chapter 6 ◾ Linear Regression and Correlation 69
INTRODUCTION 69
SCATTERPLOTS AND LINEAR REGRESSION 69
THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT (r) AND THE
COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION (R2) 70
GUIDED PROJECT 1: CAN FORENSIC SCIENTISTS
DETERMINE HOW LONG A BODY HAS BEEN BURIED
BY HOW MUCH NITROGEN REMAINS IN THE LONG
BONES OF THE SKELETON? 71
GUIDED PROJECT: DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN LAND AREA AND THE NUMBER OF PLANT
SPECIES LIVING ON THE BRITISH ISLES 83
STUDENT PROJECT: IS HEAD SIZE RELATED TO
BRAIN WEIGHT IN HEALTHY ADULT HUMANS? 88
REFERENCES 89
Chapter 7 ◾ Random Sampling 91
INTRODUCTION 91
SAMPLING METHODS 92
GUIDED PROJECT 1: COMPARE DIFFERENT
SAMPLING METHODS FOR ESTIMATING
THE MEAN FINISHING TIME AT THE DISNEY
MARATHON IN 2020 93
GUIDED PROJECT 2: COMPARE DIFFERENT
SAMPLING METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE MEAN
HEIGHT OF NATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUE (NHL)
PLAYERS IN 2013–2014 99
STUDENT PROJECT: COMPARE DIFFERENT
SAMPLING METHODS FOR ESTIMATING
THE MEAN HEIGHT OF A PREMIER LEAGUE
PLAYER IN 2014–2015 104
REFERENCES 105
viii ◾ Contents
Chapter 8 ◾ Inference About a Population Mean 107
INTRODUCTION 107
HYPOTHESIS TESTS 107
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS 108
ASSUMPTIONS FOR INFERENCE ABOUT
A POPULATION MEAN 108
GUIDED PROJECT: IS 98.6°F (37.0°C) ACTUALLY
THE NORMAL HUMAN BODY TEMPERATURE? 109
STUDENT PROJECT: HOW STANDARD IS THE
CAFFEINE CONTENT IN FOUNTAIN SOFT DRINKS
SERVED IN CHAIN RESTAURANTS? 117
REFERENCES 118
Chapter 9 ◾ Inference About a Population Proportion 119
INTRODUCTION 119
ASSUMPTIONS FOR INFERENCE ABOUT
A POPULATION PROPORTION 119
GUIDED PROJECT: DETERMINE IF FATAL CAR
ACCIDENTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR ON
FRIDAY THE 13TH THAN OTHER FRIDAYS 120
STUDENT PROJECT: IS CHOLERA TRANSMITTED
BY DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER? 129
REFERENCES 130
Chapter 10 ◾ Comparing Two Population Means 131
INTRODUCTION 131
TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLE DESIGN 131
MATCHED PAIRS STUDY DESIGN 132
GUIDED PROJECT 1: CAN FINGERTIP AND UPPER
ARM MEASURES OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE
BE USED INTERCHANGEABLY? 133
Contents ◾ ix
GUIDED PROJECT 2: DETERMINE THE MOST
EFFECTIVE MOSQUITO REPELLANT TREATMENT
FOR SOLDIERS IN THE INDIAN ARMY 140
STUDENT PROJECT 1: DETERMINING LEAD
CONCENTRATIONS IN LIP COSMETICS 145
STUDENT PROJECT 2: ARE THE RESULTS OF A
NEW TEST DESIGNED TO ASSESS FAT CONTENT
IN HUMAN MILK CONSISTENT WITH THE “GOLD
STANDARD” GERBER METHOD 146
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 11 ◾ Comparing Two Population Proportions 149
INTRODUCTION 149
STUDENT PROJECT: ARE FEMALE CHARACTERS IN
SLASHER FILMS MORE LIKELY TO BE MURDERED
THAN MALE CHARACTERS? 150
STUDENT PROJECT: IS CHOLERA TRANSMITTED
BY DRINKING CONTAMINATED WATER? 154
REFERENCES 156
STUDENT PROJECT 1 – DOES BRAIN WEIGHT DIFFER
BY AGE IN HEALTHY ADULT HUMANS?, 157
STUDENT PROJECT 2 – PREVENTING ACUTE
MOUNTAIN SICKNESS WITH GINKGO BILOBA
AND ACETAZOLAMIDE, 159
STUDENT PROJECT 3 – WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE
MAMMAL SLEEP PATTERNS?, 163
INDEX, 165